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High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: This study of loneliness across adult lifespan examined its associations with sociodemographics, mental health (positive and negative psychological states and traits), subjective cognitive complaints, and physical functioning. DESIGN: Analysis of cross-sectional data. PARTICIPANTS: 340 community-dwelling adults in San Diego, California, mean age 62 (SD = 18) years, range 27-101 years, who participated in three community-based studies. MEASUREMENTS: Loneliness measures included UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3), 4-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation Scale, and a single-item measure from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Other measures included the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) and Medical Outcomes Survey- Short form 36. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of subjects had moderate-high levels of loneliness on UCLA-3, using standardized cut-points. Loneliness was correlated with worse mental health and inversely with positive psychological states/traits. Even moderate severity of loneliness was associated with worse mental and physical functioning. Loneliness severity and age had a complex relationship, with increased loneliness in the late-20s, mid-50s, and late-80s. There were no sex differences in loneliness prevalence, severity, and age relationships. The best-fit multiple regression model accounted for 45% of the variance in UCLA-3 scores, and three factors emerged with small-medium effect sizes: wisdom, living alone and mental well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The alarmingly high prevalence of loneliness and its association with worse health-related measures underscore major challenges for society. The non-linear age-loneliness severity relationship deserves further study. The strong negative association of wisdom with loneliness highlights the potentially critical role of wisdom as a target for psychosocial/behavioral interventions to reduce loneliness. Building a wiser society may help us develop a more connected, less lonely, and happier society.
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“A number of recent clinical and biological studies have reported a strong inverse relationship between loneliness and wisdom, especially its compassion component38, 39, 40.”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“in non-pandemic contexts, evidence suggests that the prevalence of loneliness ranges from 6–76%; with variations across demographic groups [5,13–17] and countries [18,19].”
From Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, E. E., Depp, C., Palmer, B. W., Glorioso, D., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X. M., Kim, H.-C., Tarr, P., Yamada, Y., & Jeste, D. V.
- Affiliations
- IBM (United States) (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- IBM Research - Tokyo (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Jeste, Dilip V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1447-1462
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6581650
- OpenAlex
- W2905099661
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 16
- FWCI
- 26.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001442)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094151, T32MH019934)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- loneliness, wisdom, lifespan, community-dwelling adults, mental health, physical function, social isolation, living alone, sociodemographic factors, subjective cognitive complaints, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longevity, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Independent Living, Protective Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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