Can Resilience Buffer the Effects of Loneliness on Mental Distress Among Working-Age Adults in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Latent Moderated Structural Modeling Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background The profound health consequences of loneliness are well-established. However, less is known about the protective factors which may alleviate the effects of loneliness on mental health especially among working-age adults amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. We draw on the social ecology of resilience and examine whether resilience factors can buffer the effects of loneliness on mental distress. Methods Data came from the National Well-being Survey-a national study of a demographically representative sample of U.S. working-age adults (N = 4014). We used (a) structural equation models with latent variables to examine the main effects of loneliness, psychological resilience, and perceived social support on mental distress, and (b) latent moderated structural equations to estimate the latent interaction effects. Results Results revealed that (a) loneliness was positively associated with mental distress and psychological resilience was negatively related to mental distress, and (b) psychological resilience and perceived social support moderated the strength of the relationship between loneliness and mental distress. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of psychological resilience and perceived social support as two protective factors in the relationship between loneliness and mental distress. Given that loneliness significantly predicts worse mental and physical health and higher mortality, identifying protective factors that might disrupt these connections is vital. As such, public health efforts to strengthen and expand familial and community social support networks and foster psychological resilience are urgently needed to support mental health among working-age adults during additional waves of the pandemic or future similar stressors.
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Several cross-sectional studies across different age groups have highlighted resilience's protective role.
“Several cross-sectional studies across different age groups have highlighted resilience’s protective role.”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
The Results and Discussion report that psychological resilience was associated with less mental distress and weakened the relationship between loneliness and distress. The Discussion identifies this as a cross-sectional study of U.S. working-age adults. Although the paper discusses other studies, it does not establish that several cross-sectional studies across different age groups found this protective role. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredZhao et al. found resilience mediated the link between loneliness and depression in the elderly, while studies on working-age adults and Norwegian adolescents showed resilience moderated this relationship.
“For instance, Zhao et al. found resilience mediated the link between loneliness and depression in the elderly, while studies on working-age adults and Norwegian adolescents showed resilience moderated this relationship [92–94].”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
The Results section (‘The Buffering Effects of Psychological Resilience and Perceived Social Support’; page unavailable) reports that psychological resilience moderated the association between loneliness and mental distress in working-age adults. The Measures section defines mental distress as a combined depression-and-anxiety symptom measure, so this paper does not establish moderation of a depression-specific outcome. The elderly and Norwegian adolescent findings are attributed to other studies in the citation group. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Zhang, X., Brown, A. M., & Rhubart, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xiaoyan
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2023-01-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 790-800
- ISSN
- 1070-5503 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7558
- PMC
- PMC9838440
- OpenAlex
- W4315631795
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD041025)
- National Institute on Aging (R24 AG065159)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- loneliness, psychological resilience, perceived social support, psychological distress, COVID-19 pandemic, working-age adults, protective factors, social support networks
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Resilience, Psychological, Pandemics
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