Cited by 1,895Mental Health Treatment and AccessSchizophrenia research and treatmentPsychiatric care and mental health services

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The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys

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Kessler, Ronald C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio, Alonso, Jordi, Chatterji, Somnath, Lee, Sing, Ormel, Johan, Üstün, T. Bedirhan, Wang, Philip S.·2009·Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale

DOI 10.1017/s1121189x00001421PMC PMC3039289

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Abstract

Aims - The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders. Methods - The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results - The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4–6.8% in half the countries, 2.3–3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8–1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios. Conclusions - Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives

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Untitled work
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Method
The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)
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Authors: Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
World Health Organization (CH)
Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Corresponding author: Kessler, Ronald C.
ORCID: Kessler, Ronald C.
Alonso, Jordi
Chatterji, Somnath
Ormel, Johan
Wang, Philip S.
Venue: Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-33
ISSN: 1121-189X (ISSN-L)
2038-1816
DOI: 10.1017/s1121189x00001421
PMC: PMC3039289
OpenAlex: W2098667423
Cited by: 1,895
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 67 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 217 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 38.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 771 d)
Locations: Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion)
reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh070884-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH070884, U01MH060220)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558, R01DA012058)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Keywords: prevalence of mental disorders, severe mental illness, role impairment, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, externalizing disorders
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Global Health, World Health Organization, Prevalence, Cost of Illness

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The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys

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