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The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys
Open accessAbstract
Aims - The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders. Methods - The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results - The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4–6.8% in half the countries, 2.3–3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8–1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios. Conclusions - Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives
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“Anxiety disorders are frequent (lifetime prevalence ranging between 5 and 25 % of the population, and a 12-month prevalence ranging between 3.3 and 20.4%, worldwide)(Kessler et al., 2009).”
From Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: Results of the World Mental Health Surveys in 21 countries (2018) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2009
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“The prevalence of depression and anxiety among individuals with UMNDs (23%–46%) is considerably greater than the general population (~12%).27–34”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Mindfulness Training in People With Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders across the world with median lifetime prevalence of 14.3% and 12-month prevalence of 8.3%.[1]”
From The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Review: Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in ICD-11 (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Internalizing disorders (IDs, e.g. generalized anxiety disorder, GAD; social anxiety disorder, SOC; major depressive disorder, MDD; posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD) are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide [1, 8–11]”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-33
- ISSN
- 1121-189X (ISSN-L)
- 2038-1816
- PMC
- PMC3039289
- OpenAlex
- W2098667423
- Cited by
- 1,895
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 217 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 38.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh070884-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH070884, U01MH060220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558, R01DA012058)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- prevalence of mental disorders, severe mental illness, role impairment, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, externalizing disorders
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Global Health, World Health Organization, Prevalence, Cost of Illness
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