The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 67 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care
Open accessAbstract
This editorial provides an overview of how far access to mental health care is limited by perceptions of stigma and anticipated discrimination. Globally over 70% of young people and adults with mental illness receive no treatment from healthcare staff. The rates of non-treatment are far higher in low income countries. Evidence from some descriptive studies and epidemiological surveys suggest that potent factors increasing the likelihood of treatment avoidance, or long delays before presenting for care include: (i) lack of knowledge about the features and treatability of mental illnesses; (ii) ignorance about how to access assessment and treatment; (iii) prejudice against people who have mental illness, and (iv) expectations of discrimination against people who have a diagnosis of mental illness. The associations between low rates of help seeking, and stigma and discrimination are as yet poorly understood and require more careful characterisation and analysis, providing the platform for more effective action to ensure that a greater proportion of people with mental illness are effectively treated in future.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This editorial argues that stigma and discrimination are major barriers to mental health care, with most people with mental illness untreated worldwide. It synthesizes evidence on treatment gaps, help-seeking delays, and disadvantaged groups, concluding that the links between low help seeking and stigma/discrimination remain poorly understood.
Key findings
- Globally over 70% of young people and adults with mental illness receive no treatment from healthcare staff; in the USA 31% are affected annually but 67% are untreated, in Europe 27% are affected and 74% receive no treatment, and in Nigeria only 1.6% received mental health care over 12 months. A WHO overview of 37 studies found untreated proportions of 32.2% for schizophrenia, 56.3% for depression, 56.0% for dysthymia, 50.2% for bipolar disorder, 55.9% for panic disorder, 57.5% for generalised anxiety disorder, 57.3% for obsessive compulsive disorder, and 78.1% for alcohol abuse and dependence.
- Help seeking is often delayed: after clear-cut signs of a psychotic disorder, it takes on average over a year to first receive assessment and treatment; in a US survey of almost 10,000 adults, average delays were 8 years for mood disorders and at least 9 years for anxiety disorders. Only 41% of people with mental illness in the previous year had received any treatment, and a quarter first went to a member of the clergy (31% in the 1950s and 24% in the 1990s), more than went first to a psychiatrist (17%) or general medical practitioner (17%).
- Stigma and anticipated discrimination reduce help seeking: in a survey of over 3000 US military staff after combat duty in Iraq or Afghanistan, 60–77% of unwell soldiers did not seek mental health care, largely related to concerns about stigmatisation. In rural Virginia, over a third of residents had a diagnosed mental disorder but only 6% sought help; African Americans receive mental health care about half as often as white people.
- Stigma is described as an amalgamation of ignorance/misinformation, prejudice, and discrimination, with rejection and avoidance of people with mental illness appearing universal; no known country, society, or culture considers people with a mental illness diagnosis to have the same value and acceptability as those without.
Methods
- Design: editorial overview, not primary research; it synthesizes descriptive studies, epidemiological surveys, and prior reviews to examine how stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care.
- Data/sample: no primary dataset; evidence includes a WHO overview of 37 studies, a US national survey of almost 10,000 adults, a survey of over 3000 military staff, and other cited studies from multiple countries.
- Main analysis: narrative synthesis of treatment rates, help-seeking delays, pathways to care, and stigma/discrimination factors, with illustrative quotations and examples.
Limitations
- The paper states that the associations between low rates of help seeking and stigma/discrimination are “as yet poorly understood and require more careful characterisation and analysis”; it also states that the quality of information is relatively poor, with very few comparative studies between countries or over time, and that rural evidence is patchy.
- Evident from the text: as an editorial, it does not describe a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis, so its conclusions rely on selected cited studies and examples rather than a formal systematic review.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
46 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 2 Own interpretation
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Globally over 70% of young people and adults with mental illness receive no treatment from healthcare staff.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohn et al, 2004a
- Not checked yetcites Thornicroft, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This under-treatment occurs even in countries with the best resources”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohn et al, 2004a
- Not checked yetcites Thornicroft, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the reluctance of many people to seek help for mental illness related problems because of their anticipation of stigma should they be diagnosed”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohn et al, 2004a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The combination of these three elements has a powerful force for social exclusion”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > STIGMA: A COMBINATION OF IGNORANCE, PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thornicroft, 2006b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The rates of non-treatment are far higher in low income countries.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies from several countries have consistently found that even after a family member has developed clear-cut signs of a psychotic disorder, on average it is over a year until the unwell person first receives assessment and treatment”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Compton et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Johannessen et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Black et al., 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lack of knowledge about the features and treatability of mental illnesses”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The study concluded that 'most people with mental disorders in the United States remain either untreated or poorly treated.'”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2005b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the reluctance of many people who do have a diagnosis of mental illness to advocate for better mental health care for fear of shame and rejection if they disclose their condition”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohn et al, 2004a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“at least two thirds receive no treatment”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohn et al, 2004a
- Not checked yetcites Thornicroft, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even under better resourced countries, it is known that most people with a mental illness in the United States do not seek assistance.An early national survey found that fewer than one third of all mentally ill people received assessment and treatment, although the rate rose to 60% for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Narrow et al, 1993
- Not checked yetcites Regier et al, 1993
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al, 2005b
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Revealingly the general public thought that mental health staff is useful for treating people with schizophrenia, but not for depression.The reason for this is that most people felt that schizophrenia was caused by biological or uncontrollable influences, while they understood depression to be a consequence of 'social disintegration'”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angermeyer et al, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mental health specialists providing care that was at least reasonable in about half (48%) of the cases they say, while in primary care only 13% of people treated received care that was adequate”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2005b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The proportions of people with mental illness who are treated in low and medium resource countries (LAMIC) are far less, for example a recent worldwide survey found that the proportion of respondents receiving mental health care over 12 months was as low as 1.6% in Nigeria, and that in most of the 17 countries studied only a minority of people with severe disorder received treatment”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An international study of depression found that 0% of people with depression in St. Petersburg received evidence-based treatment in primary care, and only 3% were referred on to specialist mental health care at all (Simon et al, 2004a).But the major barrier to care in that Russian site was money: an inability to afford treatment costs was the main barrier to care for 75% of the depressed Russian”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simon et al, 2004a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unmet needs were greater for the poor: older people, minority ethnic groups, those with low incomes or without insurance, and residents of rural areas”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2005b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“So no single factor is enough to explain complex patterns of help seeking.Nevertheless the weight of evidence does suggest that even when there are no major financial barriers to care, that many people do not seek help or minimize their contact with services in an attempt to avoid being labeled as mentally ill”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corrigan, 2004a
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, for example, 31% of the population are affected by mental illness every year, but 67% of these individuals are not treated”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al, 2005a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People who wait longer than average before receiving care are more likely to be young, old, male, poorly educated, or a member of a racial/ethnic minority”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2005a
- Not checked yetcites Morgan & Fearon, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed one particular study of depressed people in St Petersburg only 3% were treated (Simon et al, 2004b), both because of the low level of coverage of services, and because of demand limiting factors such as the need for out-of-pocket payments to afford treatment.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simon et al, 2004b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in Europe mental illness affects 27% of people every year, 74% of whom receive no treatment”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results showed that the majority of people with mental disorders eventually contact treatment services, but they often wait a long time before doing so: with average delays before seeking help of 8 years for mood disorders, and at least 9 years for anxiety disorders.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al, 2005a
plainn = 10,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although each year approaching 30% of the population worldwide has some form of mental illness”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE NOT TREATED
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohn et al, 2004a
- Not checked yetcites Thornicroft, 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several American studies suggest that African Americans receive mental health care about half as often as white people (Diala et al, 2000;Snowden, 2001;Snowden, 2003), even though they have higher rates of some mental disorders”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diala et al, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Snowden, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Snowden, 2003
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar findings also emerged from a study in Iowa where people living in the most rural environments were more likely to hold stigmatising attitudes toward mental health care than people in towns, and such views strongly predicted willingness to seek care”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoyt et al, 1997
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They concluded that the 'reasons for the continuing gap include patient, provider, and health care system factors.Patient-based reasons include: failure to recognize the symptoms, underestimating the severity, limited access, reluctance to see a mental health care specialist due to stigma, noncompliance with treatment, and lack of health insurance.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hirschfeld et al, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Castiello & Magliano, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, this paper shows that stigmatisation against people with mental illness is common wherever it has been studied, and that these processes present formidable barriers both to social inclusion and to proper access to mental health care.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Black people with a mental illness are more likely to seek help if their families are supportive, and if a family member has had a positive personal experience of mental health care.In one study they did not view mental health on a continuum of wellbeing, but tended to think of themselves as either mentally healthy or mentally ill.Many interviewees said they did not think they were 'crazy',”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hines-Martin et al, 2003a
- Not checked yetcites Davis & Ford, 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rural residents with a history of depression labeled people who sought professional help more negatively than their urban counterparts.By the same token, those who labeled depression more negatively were less likely to have sought professional help”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rost et al, 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A study of parents in rural areas of North Carolina concluded that although as many as 20% of children had some type of treatable mental illness, only about one-third of them received help from the mental health system (Costello et ai, 2001;Angold et ai, 2002).The researchers found that one of the main barriers to care was stigma toward the use of the mental health care.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Costello et al, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Angold et al, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So it seems to be true that stigma about mental illness is no less in many rural areas, and may be even stronger than in towns and cities.In part this may be based upon fears that a rural community will learn details about a period of mental illness, while it is easier in cities to remain anonymous.”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most of the unwell soldiers (60-77%) did not seek mental health care, largely related to concerns about possible stigmatisation”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoge et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These factors have been described as: socio-cultural (health beliefs and mistrust of services), systemic (lack of culturally competent practices in mental health services) (Corrigan et al, 2004), economic (lack of health insurance), or individual barriers (denial of mental health problems)”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corrigan et al, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Swanson & Ward, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a survey of rural residents in Virginia found that over a third of the population had a diagnosed mental disorder, but only 6% subsequently sought help, and those who did not go for treatment said that they 'felt there was no need'”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The interplay of these factors produces the contradictory situation in which black groups may have higher rates of many mental illnesses, lower rates of general referral and treatment, but higher rates of compulsory treatment and forensic service contact”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keating & Robertson, 2004
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Mental Health in England, 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The following common beliefs are likely to reduce their likelihood of seeking help: that psychiatric treatments are ineffective (Corrigan, 2004b); that others would react with avoidance; or that a person should solve their own problems”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corrigan, 2004b
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence from Tennessee also showed that among people who were mentally unwell, those more likely to seek help were women, younger people and those who had been treated for a mental illness previously”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no known country, society or culture in which people with mental illness with a diagnosis are considered to have the same value and to be as acceptable as people who do not have mental illness.
“Indeed there is no known country, society or culture in which people with mental illness with a diagnosis are considered to have the same value and to be as acceptable as people who do not have mental illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The core experiences of shame and blame are common everywhere stigma has been studied, but to differing extents.
“The core experiences of shame (to oneself and one's family) and blame (from others) are common everywhere stigma has been studied, but to differing extents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rejection and avoidance of people with a diagnosis of mental illness appear to be a universal phenomenon.
“Finally, rejection and avoidance of people with a diagnosis of mental illness appear to be universal phenomenon”
The paper relies on this without support.
A strong reluctance to be seen as mentally ill appears to be a universal phenomenon.
“A strong reluctance to be seen as mentally ill appears to be a universal phenomenon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most people of all cultures have relatively little accurate and useful knowledge about mental illness.
“There is an important general point here: that most people of all cultures have relatively little accurate and useful knowledge about mental illness.”
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“Thus, discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes present in society not only severely impact the recovery process, quality of life, and well-being of people with mental illnesses and their families, but also represent the main gap in accessing specialized mental health services by the general population [4,5].”
From Innovative Technology–Based Interventions to Reduce Stigma Toward People With Mental Illness: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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In the paper
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
“Only about a third”
§ Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care > LIMITED ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
“(41%)”
Citations
Cites
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“At the same time strong family encouragement to go for mental health assessment and treatment does often work (Link et al, 1989).”
BackgroundPrevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1990 to 2003
Kessler, R. C., Demler, O., Frank, R. G., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Walters, E. E., Wang, P., Wells, K. B., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa043266 · Cited by 1,910
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Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies
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- 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1626 · DOI
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Barriers and facilitators on the pathway to mental health care among 12-25 year olds
Leijdesdorff, S. M. J., Klaassen, R. M. C., Wairata, D.-J., Rosema, S., van Amelsvoort, T., & Popma, A. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2021.1963110 · Cited by 42
“…however, focussed mainly on adult populations (Frank & McGuire, 1986; Rüsch et al., 2009; Salaheddin & Mason, 2016; Schomerus & Angermeyer, 2008; Thornicroft, 2008; Vanheusden et al., 2008), was conducted outside of Europe in the Australian or Northern American healthcare system (Frank &…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBowden, M., McCoy, A., & Reavley, N. J. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2019.1694204 · Cited by 36
Solmi, M., Granziol, U., Danieli, A., Frasson, A., Meneghetti, L., Ferranti, R., Zordan, M., Salvetti, B., Conca, A., Salcuni, S., et al. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.14 · Cited by 36
EPA guidance on improving the image of psychiatry
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M., Möller, H. ‐., Maier, W., Gäebel, W., & Falkai, P. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0678-5 · Cited by 38
“• Fear of being stigmatized and self-stigma are the main reasons why people with mental health problems avoid medical help-seeking [115].”
BackgroundImproved Attitudes to Psychiatry: A Global Mental Health Peer-to-Peer E-Learning Partnership
Keynejad, R. C., Garratt, E. A., Adem, G., Finlayson, A. E. T., Whitwell, S., & Sheriff, R. S. (2014) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0206-8 · Cited by 34
“Stigma and discrimination are known to limit patients’ access to mental healthcare, with much higher levels of non-treatment in low-income countries [9].”
BackgroundThe Social Determinants of Mental Illness: A Rapid Review of Systematic Reviews
Huggard, L., Murphy, R., O’Connor, C., & Nearchou, F. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2186124 · Cited by 33
“Mental health professionals’ beliefs about the determinants of mental illness may also impact the type and quality of care that patients receive (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundSaif, F. A., Shakhoori, H. A., Nooh, S., & Jahrami, H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225738 · Cited by 40
Jones, K. G., Roth, S. E., & Vartanian, K. B. (2021) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2021.0255 · Cited by 33
“28,29 The current data indicate that SDOH may also be a key reason for not accessing mental health care.”
Drainoni, M., Knudsen, H. K., Adams, K., Andrews-Higgins, S., Auritt, V., Back, S., Barkowski, L. K., Batty, E. J., Behrooz, M. R., Bell, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108731 · Cited by 33
Early detection of psychosis: helpful or stigmatizing experience? A qualitative study
Uttinger, M., Koranyi, S., Papmeyer, M., Fend, F., Ittig, S., Studerus, E., Ramyead, A., Simon, A. E., & Riecher‐Rössler, A. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12273 · Cited by 32
Impact of a mass media mental health campaign on psychiatric emergency department visits
Cheng, J. M., Benassi, P., de Oliveira, C., Zaheer, J., Collins, M. F., & Kurdyak, P. A. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/cjph.107.5265 · Cited by 30
“Approximately two thirds of these individuals do not access psychiatric services because of perceived barriers, such as stigma.(3,4) Stigma has been defined as referring to problems of knowledge (ignorance), attitudes (prejudice) and behaviour (discrimination).”
BackgroundEconomou, M. P., Peppou, L. Ε., Kontoangelos, K. A., Palli, A., Tsaliagkou, I., Legaki, E.-M., Gournellis, R., & Papageorgiou, C. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00521-6 · Cited by 40
“Consistent with this, their behaviour and attitudes have been linked to treatment outcome and quality of care (Holmqvist 2000a, b; Thornicroft 2008).”
BackgroundKock, J. H. D., Latham, H. A., Cowden, R. G., Cullen, B., Narzisi, K., Jerdan, S., Muñoz, S., Leslie, S. J., Stamatis, A., & Eze, J. I. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34002 · Cited by 40
“The majority of the general public [10] and health care staff [11] with common MH conditions do not access professional help, despite the existence of effective psychological treatments.”
Is early intervention in psychosis effective?
Ricciardi, A., McAllister, V., & Dazzan, P. (2008) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001329 · Cited by 31
“Population studies have estimated that approximately one-third of patients suffering from schizophrenia never seek help or treatment (Thornicroft, 2008; Larsen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundWhat to do about depression? Help-seeking and treatment recommendations of the public
Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796011000266 · Cited by 33
“…that people tend to avoid seeing a psychiatrist because they are ashamed of being in need for psychiatric help, also because they share discriminating attitudes toward those suffering from mental illness (Schomerus & Angermeyer, 2008; Thornicroft, 2008; Schomerus, Matschinger & Angermeyer, 2009).”
BackgroundFrench Translation and Validation of Three Scales Evaluating Stigma in Mental Health
García, C. G., Golay, P., Favrod, J., & Bonsack, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00290 · Cited by 30
Examining the mental health services among people with mental disorders: a literature review
Gao, Y., Burns, R. A., Leach, L., Chilver, M. R., & Butterworth, P. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05965-z · Cited by 34
“Structural barriers include the availability of mental health services and high treatment costs, social barriers to treatment access include stigma around mental health [125], fear of being perceived as weak or stig-matized [79], lack of awareness of mental disorders, and cultural stigma [17].”
BackgroundDeng, Y., Wang, A., Frasso, R., Ran, M., Zhang, T., Kong, D., & Wong, Y.-L. I. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764021992807 · Cited by 31
Stigma and Mental Health Service Utilization in Military Personnel: A Review of the Literature
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Funer, F. (2023) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13010-023-00144-6 · Cited by 34
“Experiencing stigma because of mental health issues is a barrier to seeking or using mental health treatment and social support, resulting in delayed help-seeking and more frequent treat-ment discontinuations or withdrawals [10, 18, 23, 34, 35, 37].”
BackgroundChatbots and mental health: a scoping review of reviews
Mayor, E. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08094-2 · Cited by 35
“…barriers, lack of insurance coverage, lack of trust in the healthcare system, lack of awareness about mental health services, critical perceptions about mental health care, and lack of perceived need for care (e.g., Alonso et al., 2018; Cyr et al., 2019; Thornicroft, 2008; Williams et al., 2021).”
Menculini, G., Tortorella, A. A. V., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B. M., Luciano, M., Nanni, M. G., Pompili, M., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111413 · Cited by 28
Kumar, S., Schess, J., Velleman, R. D. B., & Nadkarni, A. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13438 · Cited by 34
Beliefs and Attitudes Among Italian High School Students Toward People With Severe Mental Disorders
Serra, M., Lai, A., Buizza, C., Pioli, R., Preti, A., Masala, C., & Петретто, Д. Р. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318288e27f · Cited by 28
“People often refrain from finding the support and the care they need for fear of having negative labels attached to them by relatives or friends as a result of their mental health status (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2003; Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundPublic attitudes towards depression and schizophrenia in an urban Turkish sample
Utz, F., Böge, K., Hahn, E. W., Fuchs, L. M., Schomerus, G., Angermeyer, M. C., & von Lersner, U. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.015 · Cited by 28
Public attitudes and literacy about posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. adults
Tsai, J., Shen, J., Southwick, S. M., Greenberg, S., Pluta, A., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.02.002 · Cited by 27
Community Mental Health Care in the Future
Thornicroft, G., & Tansella, M. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000151 · Cited by 28
“It is only relatively recently that the full potency of barriers to help seeking has been recognized (Amaddeo and Jones, 2007; Cooper et al., 2003; Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSelf-growth, wellbeing and volunteering - Implications for social prescribing: A qualitative study
Turk, A., Tierney, S., Wong, G., Todd, J., Chatterjee, H. J., & Mahtani, K. R. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100061 · Cited by 26
“…be seen as preferable compared to other suggestions from a link worker which may have a clearer mental health focus (e.g. befriending services or groups focused on developing con fi dence), which may be harder to access due to the stigma associated with mental health conditions (Thornicroft, 2008).”
Mental health stigma at primary health care centres in Lebanon: qualitative study
Hana, R. A., Arnous, M., Heim, E., Aeschlimann, A., Koschorke, M., Hamadeh, R. S., Thornicroft, G., Kohrt, B. A., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P. J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-022-00533-y · Cited by 38
“seek help in people suffering from mental health disorders [1] [2] [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeppänen, H., Kampman, O., Autio, R., Karolaakso, T., Näppilä, T., Rissanen, P., & Pirkola, S. P. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08389-1 · Cited by 26
“One explanation is that among people with lower levels of education, mental health literacy is lower and illness stigma is higher [12], which makes acceptance and help-seeking more complicated [33, 34].”
BackgroundPerini, G., Grigoletti, L., Hanife, B., Biggeri, A., Tansella, M., & Amaddeo, F. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0765-0 · Cited by 26
“This difference in the quality of secondary care for people with mental disorders may also be due to the influence of stigma and discrimination [27, 28].”
BackgroundQuality of perinatal depression care in primary care setting in Nigeria
Ayinde, O. O., Oladeji, B. D., Abdulmalik, J. O., Jordan, K., Kola, L., & Gureje, O. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3716-3 · Cited by 27
Protani, M. M., Alotiby, M. K. N., Seth, R., Lawrence, D. M., Jordan, S. J., Logan, H., Kendall, B. J., Siskind, D. J., Sara, G. E., & Kisely, S. R. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000634 · Cited by 25
An Interpretive Study of Nursing Students' Experiences of Caring for Suicidal Persons
Scheckel, M. M., & Nelson, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2014.03.003 · Cited by 24
Werner, S., & Araten‐Bergman, T. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2017.1284288 · Cited by 22
“professional stigma may pose a significant barrier to help-seeking by individuals with disabilities (Keyes et al., 2010; Thornicroft, 2008).”
Simon, N., & Verdoux, H. (2017) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2017.05.003 · Cited by 22
Examining the Application of the Opening Minds Survey in the Community Health Centre Setting
van der Maas, M., Stuart, H. L., Patten, S. B., Lentinello, E., Bobbili, S. J., Mann, R. E., Hamilton, H. A., Sapag, J. C., Corrigan, P. W., & Khenti, A. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743717719079 · Cited by 22
Roelandt, J.-L., Baleige, A., Koenig, M., Demassiet, V., Agoub, M., Barikova, V., Benmessaoud, D., Brunet, F., Carta, M.-G., Castelpietra, G., et al. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01836-6 · Cited by 23
Costs of health and social services use in children of parents with mental illness
Waldmann, T., Stiawa, M., Dinc, Ü., Saglam, G., Busmann, M., Daubmann, A., Adema, B., Wegscheider, K., Wiegand‐Grefe, S., & Kilian, R. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00360-y · Cited by 22
“In addition to lacking awareness of CA mental health needs, PMI might delay in help-seeking for their children due to shame or fear of stigmatisation [36, 37], lacking mental health literacy [38], or due to their reluctance to reveal their own mental illness to their children, teachers or educational staff [39].”
BackgroundHolley, L. C., Mendoza, N. S., Del‐Colle, M., & Bernard, M. L. (2016) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1155520 · Cited by 22
“Anticipating discrimination decreases the willingness of PWMI to seek employment or education (Hansson et al., 2014; Lasalvia et al., 2013), initiate personal relationships (Corker et al., 2013; Lasalvia et al., 2013), and seekmental health treatment (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAddressing our own biases: social work educators’ experiences with students with mental illnesses
Charles, J. L. K., Holley, L. C., & Kondrat, D. C. (2017) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2017.1297393 · Cited by 21
“, 2013) or mental health treatment (Thornicroft, 2008), which prevent people with MIs from reaching their full potential.”
BackgroundThe influence of psychosocial factors in veteran adjustment to civilian life
Bowes, M. A., Ferreira, N., & Henderson, M. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2182 · Cited by 20
Furness, T., Hewavasam, J., Barnfield, J., McKenna, B., & Joseph, C. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1294744 · Cited by 20
“Factors attributing to increased morbidity include cardiovascular diseases (Robson & Gray, 2007), mental illness stigma (Gary, 2005; Thornicroft, 2008) and poor engagement with mental health services (Folsom et al., 2005; McKenna et al., 2014a).”
BackgroundImproving Women's Self‐Compassion Through an Online Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Nadeau, M. M., Caporale-Berkowitz, N. A., & Rochlen, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12353 · Cited by 24
Praharaj, S. K., Salagre, S., & Sharma, P. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102834 · Cited by 20
No time to lose: onset and treatment delay for mental disorders
Thornicroft, G. (2012) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796011000825 · Cited by 22
“© Cambridge University Press 2012 COMMENTARY doi:10.1017/S2045796011000825 insurmountable barriers, individually acceptable, culturally appropriate, affordable, and is likely to be effective (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Effect of Clinical Exposure to Patients on Medical Students’ Attitude Towards Mental Illness
Amini, H., Shoar, S., Tabatabaee, M., & Arabzadeh, S. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.17795/ijpbs-1887 · Cited by 20
“Stigma of mental disorders causes a reduction in seeking help from the health care professionals (1) and is evident across the world (2).”
BackgroundLebowitz, M. S., & Ahn, W. (2015) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000020 · Cited by 20
“…Mental Disorders; Dehumanization; Medicalization People with mental disorders are highly stigmatized (Hinshaw & Stier, 2008), and stigma is an important reason why many affected individuals do not receive adequate treatment (Corrigan, 2004; Rusch, Angermeyer, & Corrigan, 2005; Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundPerceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapy among Black Americans
Carter, S. E., Packard, G. A., Coghlan, C., George, J. R., Brown, A. J., Ching, T. H. W., Julian, J., & Maples‐Keller, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100023 · Cited by 22
“Studies often stereotypically frame the lack of mental health service utilization by minoritized populations as being fundamentally due to individual attitudes and stigmas [13,33], despite evidence that small difference exist in willingness to enroll in clinical research (e.g., [36]).”
Young People's Preferences for Emotional Well‐Being Support in High School—A Focus Group Study
Kendal, S., Keeley, P., & Callery, P. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00303.x · Cited by 19
“These findings therefore illustrate some of the relationships between stigma, perceptions of privacy, and uptake of help that have been explored in the literature (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundTansella, M., Thornicroft, G., & Lempp, H. K. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110504714 · Cited by 19
“Recent reviews have examined the impact of stigma on access to mental health care and each concluded that it had a significant detrimental effect [70–76].”
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Supporting Children Affected by War: Towards an Evidence Based Care System
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Abayomi, O., Adelufosi, A., & Olajide, A. (2012) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764012448781 · Cited by 19
“In communities where high levels of stigmatization and social distance towards mentally ill persons prevail, mental health services may be impaired (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundWright, S., Henderson, C., Thornicroft, G., Sharac, J., & McCrone, P. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0968-z · Cited by 19
“Such stigma also impacts on help seeking for mental health and other health problems, making it less likely that help is sought [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHu, A. J., Neo, P. H. M., Soon, A., Tan, H., He, Y., & Tan, R. K. J. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100371 · Cited by 18
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Improving Surgical Quality for Patients With Mental Illnesses
Afford, R. M., Ball, C. G., Sidhu, J. A., Sekhon, M. S., & Hameed, M. S. (2021) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005174 · Cited by 18
Mental Health and Mental Health Care in Rural America: The Hope of Redesigned Primary Care
Lutfiyya, M. N., Bianco, J. A., Quinlan, S. K., Hall, C., & Waring, S. C. (2012) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.08.004 · Cited by 18
From zen to stigma: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and their cross‐cultural links to mental health
Lin, Y., Swanson, D. P., & Rogge, R. D. (2024) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12514 · Cited by 17
Alanazi, B., McAndrew, S., & Warne, T. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13162 · Cited by 17
The Indonesian Mental Health Act: psychiatrists’ views on the act and its implementation
Bikker, A., Lesmana, C. B. J., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2020) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa139 · Cited by 20
Quality evaluation of stress, anxiety and depression apps for COVID-19
Li, L. S. E., Wong, L. L., & Yap, K. Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100255 · Cited by 17
“Given the sensitive nature of personal mental health data, the lack of privacy and security can potentially be a barrier to adoption (Robil-lard et al., 2019; Thornicroft, 2008).”
Rhead, R. D., Woodhead, C., Ahmad, G., Das‐Munshi, J., McManus, S., & Hatch, S. L. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02259-1 · Cited by 17
“Studies have identified several social status characteristics associated with inequitable mental health service use [18, 38, 39] and indicate structural and subjective barriers arising in patient, provider and healthcare system interactions [52, 58].”
BackgroundSaridi, M. I., Kordosi, A., Toska, A. G., Peppou, L. Ε., Economou, M. P., & Souliotis, K. N. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764016685348 · Cited by 17
“Surveys claim that it either prevents seeking help for psychological problems or delays it (Sartorius, 2002; Schomerus, Matschinger, & Angermeyer, 2009; Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundCarlsen, S.-E. L., Isaksen, K. J., Fadnes, L. T., Lygren, O. J., & Åstrøm, A. N. (2021) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00379-6 · Cited by 16
“for seeking treatment [32, 58], and opioid dependent in-”
BackgroundWagener, N., Duong, T. D., Schöning, J., Rogers, Y., & Niess, J. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_16 · Cited by 17
Tay, J. L., Qu, Y., Lim, L. J. H., Puthran, R., Tan, C. L. R., Rajendran, R., Wei, K., Xie, H., & Sim, K. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/66925 · Cited by 16
“Of note, better attitudes and empathy of health care staff toward patients with psychotic disorders have been associated with better patient well-being, quality of patient care, and treatment outcomes [4-6].”
Predictors of Serious Psychological Distress in an Urban Population
Marko, D., Linder, S. H., Tullar, J. M., Reynolds, T. F., & Estes, L. J. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9790-z · Cited by 15
“2001), recognition of the need for services, stigmatization (Sirey et al. 2001; Thornicroft 2008; Thornicroft et al. 2008; USDHHS 1999, 2003), negative beliefs about mental illness (Segal et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialGaudiano, B. A., Schofield, C. A., Davis, C. H., & Rifkin, L. S. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.04.010 · Cited by 17
Ikwuka, U., Galbraith, N., Manktelow, K., Chen-Wilson, J., Oyebode, F., Muomah, R. C., & Igboaka, A. (2016) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2016.0025 · Cited by 14
Yeung, E. Y. W., Irvine, F. E., Ng, S., & Tsang, K. M. S. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12406 · Cited by 14
Zaninotto, L., Qian, J., Sun, Y., Bassi, G., Solmi, M., & Salcuni, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00362 · Cited by 14
Caris, L., & Beckers, T. (2022) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108779 · Cited by 14
Involving the public in health research in Latin America: making the case for mental health
Troya, M. I., Bartlam, B., & Chew-Graham, C. A. (2018) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2018.45 · Cited by 14
“This is particularly important in mental health, which has been historically associated with stigma and discrimination (26), even on the part of researchers and mental health professionals (27).”
BackgroundMental Health First Aid as a tool for improving mental health and well-being
Richardson, R., Dale, H. E., Wellby, G., McMillan, D., & Churchill, R. C. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013127 · Cited by 14
Valentine, S. E., Ahles, E. M., Silva, L. E. D. D., Patrick, K. A., Baldwin, M., Chablani‐Medley, A., Shtasel, D. L., & Marques, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2019.0059 · Cited by 13
Hansen, H. A., Stige, S. H., Moltu, C., Johannessen, J. O., Joa, I., Dybvig, S., & Veseth, M. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-019-0289-4 · Cited by 17
Losert, C., Schmauß, M., Becker, T., & Kilian, R. (2012) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796012000157 · Cited by 14
Psychometric validation of the Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS) with adolescents.
Mansfield, R., Humphrey, N., & Patalay, P. (2019) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000200 · Cited by 13
Tabatabaee, M., Nooraie, R. Y., Aghaei, A. M., Abadi, Y. R., Ansari, M., Sharifi, S., & Sharifi, V. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221077580 · Cited by 13
“Stigma is a serious source of family distress for caregivers and a limiting factor in social relationships (Girma et al., 2014; Shamsaei et al., 2013; Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundGenetic influences on treatment-seeking for common mental health problems in the UK biobank
Rayner, C., Coleman, J. R. I., Purves, K. L., Cheesman, R., Hübel, C., Gaspar, H. A., Glanville, K. P., Krebs, G., Morneau‐Vaillancourt, G., Breen, G. D., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103413 · Cited by 16
“A number of studies have estimated that as many as 75% of individuals who have a 12 month diagnosis of depression do not receive treatment (Chisholm et al. 2016; Thornicroft 2008; Thornicroft et al. 2017).”
BackgroundBosqui, T. J., Väänänen, A., Buscariolli, A., Koskinen, A., O’Reilly, D., Airila, A., & Kouvonen, A. M. (2019) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1060-9 · Cited by 29
Minty, Y., Moosa, M. Y. H., & Jeenah, F. Y. (2021) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1592 · Cited by 13
Krupchanka, D., & Thornicroft, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_7 · Cited by 13
Self-citationMartins, M. J., Pinto, A. M., Castilho, P., Macedo, A., Pereira, A. T., Bajouco, M., Leite, R. A., Matos, O., Morais, S., Madeira, N. G. G. F., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.043 · Cited by 14
Fighting discrimination and stigma against people with mental disorders
Lasalvia, A., & Tansella, M. (2008) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002608 · Cited by 13
“In this article Georg Schomerus and Mathias C. Angermeyer expand the analysis outlined by Thornicroft (2008) on the relationship between stigma and pathway to mental heath care and provide a theoretical framework on how stigma could affect help-seeking (Schomerus & Angermeyer, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialMental-Illness-Related Stigma in Health Care in South India: Mixed-Methods Study
Thenral, M., Namasivayam, R. K., & Annamalai, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620932244 · Cited by 12
SDG-3 Good Health and Well-Being
Küfeoğlu, S. (2022) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_5 · Cited by 12
Elmer, T., Wolf, M., Snippe, E., & Scholz, U. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/74103 · Cited by 16
“One reason for this is restricted access to mental health care because of long waiting times for outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment [7-9].”
Attitudes towards people with mental disorders in a general population in Finland
Aromaa, E. (2011) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) · Cited by 12
Boulos, D., & Zamorski, M. A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012384 · Cited by 12
Sweet, A. M., Pearlstein, S. L., Paulus, M. P., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12287 · Cited by 14
Williams, S.-L. L. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300329 · Cited by 12
“AA adults utilize outpatient MH services at half the rate of Caucasians (6, 9-10) while emerging adults are less likely than adults ages 26 and older to utilize services with utilization rates of 40% or less versus 62-71%, respectively (5, 7-8, 11-14).”
InfluentialYılmaz, V., & Bilir, M. K. (2020) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2020.1867072 · Cited by 11
“Unmet needs for mental healthcare can be explained by different factors, including but not limited to, shortages of mental health workers (WHO 2018, 30), financial barriers (Walker et al. 2015), and the impact of stigma and discrimination (Thornicroft 2008).”
BackgroundMental health of Chinese international students: narrative review of experiences in the UK
Magnusdottir, E., & Thornicroft, G. (2022) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.13268.1 · Cited by 12
“Stigma is recognized globally as an important barrier to help-seeking for mental health (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMayoyo, E. M., van de Put, W. A. C. M., Belle, S. V., van Mierlo, B., & Criel, B. (2021) · Santé Publique · doi:10.3917/spub.211.0077 · Cited by 11
Pollack, C. E., Bozzi, D. G., Blackford, A. L., DeLuca, S., Thornton, R. L. J., & Herring, B. J. (2021) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2021.1951804 · Cited by 12
“Multiple other barriers exist toward mental healthcare use including access and affordability (Beronio, Glied, & Frank, 2014), geographic accessibility (Cummings, Allen, Clennon, Ji, & Druss, 2017; Fortney, Rost, Zhang, & Warren, 1999), and stigma (Thornicroft, 2008).”
BackgroundConner, K. O., Kosyluk, K. A., Tran, J. T., Anderson, E. L., Davis-Cotton, D., & Hill, A. M. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001640 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Thornicroft, G.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thornicroft, Graham
- ORCID
- Thornicroft, Graham
- Venue
- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-19
- ISSN
- 1121-189X (ISSN-L)
- 2038-1816
- OpenAlex
- W1986958797
- Semantic Scholar
- 5bb0083275295c578ac3d6f3bd59044e951f9554
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10053)
- University of Oxford
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, discrimination, access to mental health care, help-seeking, treatment avoidance, low-income countries, mental health service utilization, prejudice
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Mental Health Services, Stereotyping
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