The Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in Eating Disorder and Community Samples
Open accessAbstract
Background:Clinical perfectionism is a risk and maintaining factor for anxiety disorders, depression and eating disorders.Aims:The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the 12-item Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ).Method:The research involved two samples. Study 1 comprised a nonclinical sample (n= 206) recruited via the internet. Study 2 comprised individuals in treatment for an eating disorder (n= 129) and a community sample (n= 80).Results:Study 1 factor analysis results indicated a two-factor structure. The CPQ had strong correlations with measures of perfectionism and psychopathology, acceptable internal consistency, and discriminative and incremental validity. The results of Study 2 suggested the same two-factor structure, acceptable internal consistency, and construct validity, with the CPQ discriminating between the eating disorder and control groups. Readability was assessed as a US grade 4 reading level (student age range 9–10 years).Conclusions:The findings provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the CPQ in a clinical eating disorder and two separate community samples. Although further research is required the CPQ has promising evidence as a reliable and valid measure of clinical perfectionism.
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The Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in both clinical and community samples.
“The CPQ has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in both clinical and community samples [12, 14].”
From Internet videoconferencing delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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Two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples
Moloodi, R., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Fata, L., & Ghaderi, A. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00529-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A number of studies have demonstrated the validity and reliability of CPQ and indicated that the it captures two factors named Personal Standards (PS) and Evaluative Concern (EC) [25, 26].”
BackgroundMethodMiles, S., Nedeljkovic, M., & Phillipou, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11071954 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Johnson, C., Egan, S. J., Carlbring, P., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100795 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Clinical perfectionism was measured via the 10-item version of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), with acceptable psychometric properties shown in clinical and community samples (Egan et al., 2016).”
Self-citationA Randomised Controlled CBT Intervention for Maladaptive Perfectionism: Outcome and Predictors
Zikopoulou, O., Nisyraiou, A., & Simos, G. (2021) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint2030022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Other aspects, such as Concern over Mistakes and Personal Standards, capture key symptoms associated with perfectionism [77].”
BackgroundHuynh, P. A., Miles, S., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2024) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01629-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The CPQ has demonstrated good validity and acceptable internal consistency in community samples ( α = 0.71 and α = 0.73) [46].”
BackgroundInfluentialMediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder
van de Leur, J. C., Johansson, F., McCracken, L. M., Åhs, F., Brodda Jansen, G., & Buhrman, M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2295217 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The CPQ initially consisted of 12 items ranging on a numerical rating scale of 1 (not at all) to 4 (all of the time) and was created to measure the construct of clinical perfectionism (Egan et al., 2016).”
MethodClaus, N., Cludius, B., Egan, S. J., Shafran, R., Ehring, T. W., Takano, K., & Limburg, K. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2461472 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Compared to previously reported community samples (Egan et al., 2016), scores on the perfectionism measures were elevated, particularly for perfectionistic concerns.”
Self-citationMares, S. H. W., Roelofs, J., Zinzen, J., Béatse, M., Elgersma, H. J., Drost, R. M. W. A., Evers, S., & Elburg, A. A. V. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01624-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The CPQ is deemed a reliable measure in ED samples [48, 49].”
Kahlon, S., Gjestad, R., Lindner, P., & Nordgreen, T. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2281243 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This may indicate that perfectionism may hinder successful long-term treatment improvement (Egan et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAttentional Bias for Imperfect Pictures in Perfectionism: An Eye-Movement Study
Li, J., Liu, X., Yu, B., Tang, W., & Liu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566482 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Attention is a complex cognitive process consisting of initial orientation, engagement, maintenance, disengagement, reengagement, and avoidance (Fashler and Katz, 2014).”
BackgroundRoth, I., Cludius, B., Egan, S. J., & Limburg, K. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.3623 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…with previous studies on the original version of the CPQ, the CPQ-D consists of two factors, with the same eight items loading on Factor 1 as the respective items in the English version and the same four items loading on Factor 2 (Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Stöber & Damian, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationClaus, N., Miegel, F. S., Jelinek, L., Landmann, S., Moritz, S., Külz, A. K., Rubel, J. A., & Cludius, B. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10361-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Compared to community samples (Egan et al., 2016), scores on both perfectionism measures were elevated.”
BackgroundLloyd, S., Schmidt, U. H., Simic, M., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-015-0161-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hoiles, K. J., Kane, R. T., Watson, H. J., Rees, C. S., & Egan, S. J. (2016) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2016.6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“To assess the validity of the CPQ, previous studies have used the PS subscale and Evaluative Concerns (EC), where EC is the sum of concern over mistakes and doubts about actions (Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Steele et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationClaus, N., Limburg, K., Egan, S. J., Shafran, R., Ehring, T. W., Takano, K., & Cludius, B. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.11.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationVisvalingam, S., Matheson, A. C., Magson, N. R., & Norberg, M. M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06238-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Therefore, we calculated these per Criterion C (i.e., scores closer to the non-clinical vs. psychiatric population) and Criterion B, respectively, dependent on values available from past research (Egan et al., 2016; Franco et al., 2014; Hewitt et al., 1991).”
Cross-cultural adaptation of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) for Brazilians
da Rocha, L. F. D., Hernández, J. A. E., Falcone, E. M. D. O., & Peluso, M. L. (2022) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712022270106 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa using eye tracking: A registered report
Dann, K. M., Veldre, A., Hay, P., Touyz, S. W., & Andrews, S. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23779 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 has been reported for a mixed ED sample (Egan et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialEating disorder symptoms and control‐seeking behavior
Slanina-Davies, A., Robinson, O. J., & Pike, A. C. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3105 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Egan, S. J., Filippetto, D., Greene, D., Pauley-Gadd, S. B., Shu, C. Y., Hoiles, K. J., Kane, R. T., O’Mara, M., & Watson, H. J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06317-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTrenoska Basile, V., Newton-John, T., & Wootton, B. M. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06520-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The CPQ has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in both clinical and community samples [12, 14].”
BackgroundCully, S., Hatinova, K., van de Leur, J. C., & Björnsdotter, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1548967 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pinto, N. S., Arana, F., Nieto, M., Zabala-Baños, M. D. C., & Ricarte, J. J. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08469-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lihabi, A. A. (2024) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2264199 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Exclusions like this can occasionally be seen in validations of measurements in various populations or languages (Egan et al., 2016; Ypofanti et al., 2015).”
Jones, E. J., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Howell, J. A., Callaghan, T., & Egan, S. J. (2024) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2024.2347118 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The CPQ demonstrates good reliability and validity in adolescents and adults, including non-clinical and clinical eating disorder samples (Egan et al., 2016; Howell et al., 2020; Prior et al., 2018; Shu et al., 2020).”
Self-citationTonta, K. E., Boyes, M. E., Howell, J. A., McEvoy, P. M., & Hasking, P. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910171 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although initially conceptualised as a unidimensional measure, the CPQ has been considered as two-dimensional according to a range of factor analytic findings [33,34].”
Dodd, D. R., Clerkin, E. M., & Smith, A. R. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alyami, M. M., Krägeloh, C. U., Al-Amri, L., Henning, M. A., Alyami, H., Alghamdi, D., Almutari, R., & Medvedev, O. N. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00261-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Correlations between total scores on the CPQ and measures of depression, anxiety, and disorder eating behaviors were positive and significant, similar to previous research [10, 27, 28, 32].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExploring psychological wellbeing in actors: a qualitative study of professionals and students
Robb, A. E. (2018) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · doi:10.25909/5ba1acea145f2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Krause, K. L., Stewart, K. E., Cassin, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.32.4.241 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…been demonstrated in both nonclinical (Chang & Sanna, 2012; Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Stoeber & Damian, 2014) and eating disorder samples (Egan et al., 2016), with the two factors showing moderate test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCalugi, S., Dametti, L., Grave, A. D., Milanese, C., & Grave, R. D. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01480-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This finding conflicts with those of previous research [9, 10], a discrepancy that may be due to the earlier studies using non-clinical samples [10] or excluding patients with BMI ≤ 17.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPerfectionism and relationship quality in parent-adolescent dyads
Bunea, I. M., Damian, L. E., & Bengà, O. (2025) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070251403879 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A two-factor model of perfectionism is supported even in the case of unidi-mensional measures of perfectionism (Egan et al., 2016; Stoeber & Damian, 2014) and of perfectionistic cognitions (Stoeber et al., 2014).”
Zotschew, T., Claus, N., Egan, S. J., Shafran, R., Ehring, T. W., Takano, K., Limburg, K., & Cludius, B. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103178 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationWade, T. D., Egan, S. J., Jabs, M., de Valle, M. K., & Shafran, R. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03131-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For parents we used the 10-item Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (omitting the two reverse scored items which decrease internal reliability [ 31 ]), a self-report measure rated over the previous month.”
Self-citationMohamadloo, A., & Ramezankhani, A. (2019) · Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion · doi:10.29252/jhehp.5.3.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“According to the findings, a multi-staged approach was essential to the development of the questionnaire, which is consistent with the previous studies describing questionnaire construction [23,28,29].”
ResultWeiner, L., Rouquette, S., & Chen, M. L. (2017) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2017.03.002
DEMOCRACIA BRASILEIRA E MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE
Mesquita, A. L., & Maia, G. L. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.12662/2447-6641oj.v7i11.p9-23.2009
Zetterberg, M., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2017)
An Evaluation of the Enhanced Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Bulimia Nervosa in Iranian Student WomenPreprint
Moloodi, R., Mahmoodi, M. S., Mohammadpour, Z., Naghashian, F., Alasti, H., babai, Z., Saleh, Z., Ahmadi, P., & Barani, M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1231018/v1
da Rocha, L. F. D., Hernández, J. A. E., & Falcone, E. M. D. O. (2022) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1850
“In the only study with a Brazilian sample (Rocha et al., 2022), EFA with promax rotation also indicated a two-factor solution, but item 8 was problematic regarding the factor analysis, because it did not present substantial factor loading in any of the two factors, being excluded in the subsequent analyzes.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEvaluation of the cognitive-behavioral model of eating disorders in Iranian student womenPreprint
Moloodi, R., Mahmoodi, M. S., Mohammadpour, Z., Naghashian, F., Alasti, H., babai, Z., Saleh, Z., Ahmadi, P., & Barani, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2413243/v1
عمران, ف. م. ع. (2023) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2023.296526
Russian adaptation of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire
Skupova, A. M., Turkina, I. S., Сергеевна, А. М., & Nikolkina, Y. A. (2024) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2024124071112
Claus, N., Scheunemann, J., Arlt, S., Peth, J., Gallinat, J., Cludius, B., & Jelinek, L. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70027
“Perfectionism scores (FMPS) were comparable to community samples (Egan et al. 2016), with slightly elevated scores for perfectionistic concerns (FMPS ‐ CM).”
Moloodi, R., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Fata, L., & Ghaderi, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14052513
Mares, S. H. W., Roelofs, J., Zinzen, J., Béatse, M., Elgersma, H. J., Drost, R. M. W. A., Evers, S., & Elburg, A. A. V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25341277
Cognitive behavioral enhanced approach to eating
Rabarbari, E., & Pizzoli, S. F. M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36741-0.00012-7
The Cognitive Behavioral Model of Eating Disorders in Iranian Women Students
Moloodi, R., Mahmoodi, M., Mohammadpour, Z., Naghashian, F., Alasty, H., babaee, Z., صالح, ز., Ahmadi, P., Barani, M., & Hosseini, H. (2026) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-147147
Fuster‐Rico, A., Vicent, M., Pérez‐Marco, M., & Gonzálvez, C. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2681513
- Authors
- Egan, S. J., Shafran, R., Lee, M., Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H. A., Palmer, R. L., & Watson, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Egan, Sarah J.
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-03-03
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-91
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- PMC
- PMC4762235
- OpenAlex
- W2095770305
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (046386, 079113, 063209, 079113/Z/06/Z, 094585)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- clinical perfectionism, eating disorders, psychometric properties, factor structure, construct validity, incremental validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency, readability, community sample, non-clinical sample
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Young Adult
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