The structure and reliability of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire
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The Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in both clinical and community samples.
“The CPQ has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in both clinical and community samples [12, 14].”
From Internet videoconferencing delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Cites
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“CP is argued as the clearest conceptualisation of pathological perfectionism (Shafran, Cooper, & Fairburn, 2003; Shafran et al., 2002) and has been applied to a range of conditions particularly eating disorders (Rieger et al., 2010; Riley, Lee, Cooper, Fairburn, & Shafran, 2007).”
BackgroundDunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.004 · Cited by 243 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However the construct of CP is not without its detractors (e.g., Dunkley et al., 2006; Hewitt, Flett, Besser, Sherry, & McGee, 2003).”
BackgroundPerfectionism Is Multidimensional: a reply to Shafran, Cooper and Fairburn (2002)
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“The 12 items (single scale) assess the core phenomenological components of CP (Riley et al., 2007).”
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“These results were similar to Dickie et al. (2012), and Steele et al. (2011), where correlations were also strong.”
Egan, S. J., van Noort, E., Chee, A., Kane, R. T., Hoiles, K. J., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.009 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Multidimensional Perfectionism and the Big Five Personality Traits: A Meta–Analysis
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“Because the CPQ is the only questionnaire currently available to measure clinical perfectionism, it was important to replicate Dickie et al.’s (2012) finding of a two-factorial structure and further investigate the nature of the two factors.”
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Intellectual Giftedness and Multidimensional Perfectionism: a Meta-Analytic Review
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“Even in a measure initially designed to capture unidimensional perfectionism, there was evidence for an underlying two-dimensional structure reflecting perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Dickie et al. 2012; Stoeber and Damian 2014).”
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Perfectionism in Academic Settings
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“The measure has been found to have adequate reliability and validity [25].”
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“It is important to note that the study focused on a general population and was not aimed to diagnose acute psychological conditions (Dickie et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEnhanced cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders adapted for a group setting
Wade, S., Byrne, S., & Allen, K. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22723 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Estimated mean scores in clinical perfectionism, interpersonal difficulties, and mood intolerance, improved to nonclinical levels (within 1 SD of community norms (Allen et al., 2012; Barkham et al., 1996; Dickie et al., 2012; Schmitt & Allik, 2005)).”
BackgroundBelief in luck and luckiness: Conceptual clarification and new measure validation
Thompson, E. R., & Prendergast, G. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.027 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Fearn, M., Marino, C., Spada, M. M., & Kolubinski, D. C. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00404-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Howell, J. A., Anderson, R., Egan, S. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1790645 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The CPQ has demonstrated internal consistency, convergent and predictive validity (Chang & Sanna, 2012; Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Prior et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe transdiagnostic process of perfectionism
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2012) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Perception matters for clinical perfectionism and social anxiety
Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Shumaker, E. A., Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W., White, E. K., Heimberg, R. G., Warren, C. S., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Clinical perfectionism and eating psychopathology in athletes: The role of gender
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“While the CPQ has been readily employed in clinical studies since its development, it is only recently that studies have assessed its validity and reliability, producing equivocal findings (Dickie et al., 2012; Stoeber & Damian, 2014).”
MethodCognitive-emotional networks in students with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury
Duncan‐Plummer, T., Hasking, P. A., Tonta, K. E., & Boyes, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.054 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
van Passel, B., Danner, U. N., Dingemans, A. E., van Furth, E. F., Sternheim, L. C., Elburg, A. A. V., van Minnen, A., van den Hout, M., Hendriks, G., & Cath, D. C. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1109-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) assesses degrees of perfectionism.”
MethodInfluentialNew Frontiers in the Treatment of Perfectionism
Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A. E., & Kothari, R. (2016) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2016.9.2.156 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lindsay, J. A. B., McGowan, N. M., King, N., Rivera, D., Li, M., Byun, J., Cunningham, S., Saunders, K. E. A., & Duffy, A. C. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.48 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Exploring and Evaluating the Two-Factor Model of Perfectionism in Sport
Hill, A. P., Madigan, D. J., Curran, T., Jowett, G. E., & Rumbold, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829241231149 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In this regard, we highlight that, following closer scrutiny, evidence has emerged that some instruments purported to be unidi-mensional measures are multidimensional (e.g. Dickie et al., 2012).”
The transdiagnostic process of perfectionism = El proceso transdiagnóstico del perfeccionismo
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2012) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11844 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prior, K. L., Erceg‐Hurn, D. M., Raykos, B. C., Egan, S. J., Byrne, S., & McEvoy, P. M. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22892 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous research (Dickie et al., 2012; Stoeber & Damian, 2014), a twofactor solution was extracted, although items 7, 8 and 9 (“have you repeatedly checked how well you are doing at meeting your standards?”) crossloaded on both factors (Egan et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelective attention in perfectionism: Dissociating valence from perfectionism-relevance
Howell, J. A., McEvoy, P. M., Grafton, B., Macleod, C., Kane, R. T., Anderson, R. A., & Egan, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.01.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Dakanalis, A., Bartoli, F., Caslini, M., Crocamo, C., Zanetti, M. A., Riva, G., Clerici, M., & Carrà, G. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0712-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Structure and validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in female adolescents
Shu, C. Y., O’Brien, A., Watson, H. J., Anderson, R., Wade, T. D., Kane, R. T., Lampard, A. M., & Egan, S. J. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000729 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In line with previous research, the reverse scored items 2 and 8 did not make a significant contribution to the CPQ, evident in its low factor loadings and CITC values (Dickie et al., 2012; Stoeber and Damian, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMoloodi, R., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Fata, L., & Ghaderi, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moreover, Dickie et al. (2012), Egan et al. (2016), and Stoeber and Damian (2014) showed that positive striving was more strongly correlated with Personal Standards (PS), whereas maladaptive evaluative concern showed stronger relationship with ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical…”
BackgroundParks, A., van de Leur, J. C., Strååt, M., Elfving, F., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Shafran, R., & Rozental, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.4581 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Clinical Psychology in Europe 2021, Vol. 3(4), Article e4581 https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.4581 Supplementary Materials The Supplementary Materials contain the following items (for access see Index of Supplementary Materials below): • Table 6: Partial correlations between the self-report measures, controlling for Perfe…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe role of clinical perfectionism and psychological flexibility in distress and wellbeing
Nguyen, H., & Morris, E. M. J. (2024) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2362440 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Duncan‐Plummer, T., Hasking, P. A., Tonta, K. E., & Boyes, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23506 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The CPQ had good test – retest reliability over 4 months in an undergraduate student sample (Dickie et al., 2012).”
MethodSolomon‐Krakus, S., Uliaszek, A. A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111178 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples
Moloodi, R., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Fata, L., & Ghaderi, A. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00529-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic studies using the CPQ indicated that “clinical perfectionism” is better described by a two-dimensional approach: Personal Standards (PS) and Evaluative Concerns (EC) [21, 24, 25].”
MethodRisk and resilience in eating disorders: differentiating pathways among psychosocial predictors
Perez, M. B., & Frazier, L. D. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01023-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Individuals with EDs and those who are not diagnosed with an ED, perfection-ism is a predictor of core ED symptomology, such as body dissatisfaction and the drive for thinness [26, 33, 34].”
BackgroundRoth, I., Cludius, B., Egan, S. J., & Limburg, K. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.3623 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…with previous studies on the original version of the CPQ, the CPQ-D consists of two factors, with the same eight items loading on Factor 1 as the respective items in the English version and the same four items loading on Factor 2 (Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Stöber & Damian, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder
van de Leur, J. C., Johansson, F., McCracken, L. M., Åhs, F., Brodda Jansen, G., & Buhrman, M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2295217 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, studies exploring the psychometric properties of CPQ have shown a two-factor structure; perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Dickie et al., 2012; Stoeber & Damian, 2014).”
BackgroundCorrelates of depression in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder
Hathway, T., McDonald, S., Melkonian, M., Karin, E., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., & Wootton, B. M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2368518 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The CPQ has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure (Dickie et al., 2012).”
Lloyd, S., Schmidt, U. H., Simic, M., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-015-0161-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hoiles, K. J., Kane, R. T., Watson, H. J., Rees, C. S., & Egan, S. J. (2016) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2016.6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“To assess the validity of the CPQ, previous studies have used the PS subscale and Evaluative Concerns (EC), where EC is the sum of concern over mistakes and doubts about actions (Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Steele et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCross-cultural adaptation of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) for Brazilians
da Rocha, L. F. D., Hernández, J. A. E., Falcone, E. M. D. O., & Peluso, M. L. (2022) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712022270106 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Trenoska Basile, V., Newton-John, T., & Wootton, B. M. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06520-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The CPQ has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in both clinical and community samples [12, 14].”
BackgroundDodd, D. R., Clerkin, E. M., & Smith, A. R. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alyami, M. M., Krägeloh, C. U., Al-Amri, L., Henning, M. A., Alyami, H., Alghamdi, D., Almutari, R., & Medvedev, O. N. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00261-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Krause, K. L., Stewart, K. E., Cassin, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.32.4.241 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Studies have been inconsistent with respect to which items of the CPQ load onto each factor (e.g., Dickie et al., 2012; Stoeber & Damian, 2014; Egan et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBeshārat, M. A., Khavasi, R., Hamidi, K., & Rajaee, M. (2020) · Family Psychology · doi:10.29252/ijfp.6.2.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Calugi, S., Dametti, L., Grave, A. D., Milanese, C., & Grave, R. D. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01480-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, we evaluated the convergent validity of the CPQ, assessing its concordance with the FMPS, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialInvestigating the utility of a self-schema model of perfectionism in understanding anorexia nervosa
Wearne, C. (2014) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)
DEMOCRACIA BRASILEIRA E MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE
Mesquita, A. L., & Maia, G. L. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.12662/2447-6641oj.v7i11.p9-23.2009
da Rocha, L. F. D., Hernández, J. A. E., & Falcone, E. M. D. O. (2022) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1850
“It is important to highlight that the correlation value between factors in this study was substantially higher to those found in other studies (Dickie et al., 2012; Egan et al., 2016; Rocha et al., 2022; Shu et al., 2019; Stoeber & Damian, 2014), which might be caused due to the characteristics of…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMoloodi, R., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Fata, L., & Ghaderi, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14052513
Calugi, S., Grave, A. D., Chimini, M., Cattaneo, G., Conti, M., & Grave, R. D. (2026) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.70074
- Authors
- Dickie, L., Surgenor, L. J., Wilson, M., & McDowall, J.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Surgenor, Lois J.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 865-869
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002898235
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- clinical perfectionism, construct validity, reliability statistics, factor structure, two-factor model, evaluative concerns, personal standards, young adults, undergraduate students, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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