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Predictors of depression relapse and recurrence after cognitive behavioural therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective psychological treatment for major depressive disorder, although some patients experience a return of symptoms after finishing therapy. The ability to predict which individuals are more vulnerable to deterioration would allow for targeted interventions to prevent short-term relapse and longer-term recurrence. Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify factors associated with an increased risk of relapse and/or recurrence (RR) after CBT for depression. Method: We reviewed 13 relevant papers, of which a small set of unique samples were eligible for meta-analysis (k= 5,N= 369). Twenty-six predictor variables were identified and grouped into seven categories: residual depressive symptoms; prior episodes of depression; cognitive reactivity; stressful life events; personality factors; clinical and diagnostic factors; demographics. Results: Meta-analyses indicated that residual depressive symptoms (r= 0.34 [0.10, 0.54],p= .01) and prior episodes (r= 0.19 [0.07, 0.30],p= .002) were statistically significant predictors of RR, but cognitive reactivity was not (r= 0.18 [−0.02, 0.36],p= .08). Other variables lacked replicated findings. On average, 33.4% of patients experienced RR after CBT. Conclusions: Patients with the above risk factors could be offered evidence-based continuation-phase interventions to enhance the longer-term effectiveness of CBT.
Checked 2026-10-10 · 2 references not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that residual depressive symptoms and prior episodes of depression significantly predicted relapse and/or recurrence (RR) after acute-phase CBT, whereas cognitive reactivity did not. On average, 33.4% of patients experienced RR after CBT.
Key findings
- In random-effects meta-analyses, residual depressive symptoms were a moderate predictor of RR (r = 0.34 [0.10, 0.54], p = .01) and prior episodes were a small predictor (r = 0.19 [0.07, 0.30], p = .002); cognitive reactivity was not statistically significant (r = 0.18 [−0.02, 0.36], p = .08).
- Reported RR rates ranged from 18.5% to 46.5% after acute-phase CBT, with an average of 33.4% events within a maximum follow-up of 36 months; CBT-alone studies had a mean RR rate of 29.1%, and studies grouping treatments had a mean of 28.6%.
- Other predictors were mostly single-study findings: childhood maltreatment (OR = 2.89), dependent chronic stressors (OR = 1.34), severe independent life event post-treatment (OR = 1.03), intake anxiety (OR = 1.08), subclinical psychotic experiences (OR = 3.85), and subthreshold bipolar symptoms (OR = 1.16).
- Heterogeneity was high for residual depressive symptoms (I² = 85.3%) but not for prior episodes (I² = 0.0%); fail-safe N values were 72 for residual symptoms, 9 for prior episodes, and 7 for cognitive reactivity.
Methods
- Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis; protocol registered in PROSPERO. Searches of Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus (January 1990–March 2017) returned 275 unique titles/abstracts; 59 full texts were assessed, and 13 articles were included (9 RCTs, 4 longitudinal cohort studies; total pooled sample N = 1219).
- Eligible studies included adults with unipolar major depressive disorder who completed acute-phase CBT without continuation-phase interventions, were published in peer-reviewed English-language journals, had follow-up of at least 6 months, and investigated predictors of RR.
- Meta-analysis was restricted to predictors examined in two or more studies with sufficient statistics; inferential statistics were converted to correlation coefficients (r), with heterogeneity assessed using Q and I², publication bias examined via funnel plot asymmetry tests, and fail-safe N calculated. The meta-analysis included k = 5, N = 369.
Limitations
- The paper states that at least half of the reviewed studies used arbitrary or unconventional operational definitions of relapse, making it impossible to clearly disentangle predictors of relapse versus recurrence.
- The paper states that most primary studies were underpowered: the largest number of RR events was 40 and the mean was 19, whereas detecting a medium effect would require 212 participants (64 RR cases) and a small effect 1310 participants (393 RR cases); over half of studies only reported significant results, suggesting possible selective reporting.
- The paper states that exclusions of grey literature, non-English publications, children and young people, and continuation-phase studies limit the review, and the small number of included studies precluded subgroup and moderator analyses; evident from the text, the meta-analyses rested on only five studies and high heterogeneity was present for residual depressive symptoms.
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33 Not checked yet · 23 Own result · 22 Own method · 8 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important discrepancy is that no single or consistent cut-off was used across studies to demarcate relapse and recurrence events.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, after conducting a Pearson ' s correlation between RR rates and follow-up duration, we found no significant association ( r = 0.46, p = 0.16).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 1, the cut-off period (from the time of remission of symptoms) to define ' relapse ' events varied from 4 up to 24 months across different studies, thus blurring the boundaries between these clinical phenomena.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect was not statistically significant; r = 0.18 ( -0.02, 0.36), p = .08.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect was statistically significant, denoting a moderate correlation between residual depressive symptoms and RR; r = 0.34 (95% CI 0.10, 0.54), p = .01.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect was statistically significant, denoting a small correlation between prior depression episodes and RR; r = 0.19 (0.07, 0.30), p = .002.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was an average of 33.4% events within a maximum follow-up period of 36 months.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reported rates of depressive RR varied between studies, ranging from 18.5 to 46.5% after acute-phase CBT.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only four variables were consistently assessed as potential predictors of RR in more than one study (residual depressive symptoms, prior episodes, cognitive reactivity, marital status).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was particularly the case for most personality factors, demographics, stressful life events, and clinical and diagnostic factors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen articles were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our meta-analytic results indicated statistically significant and moderate correlations ( r = 0.34 and r = 0.19) between each of these variables and the risk of RR.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several significant predictors were identified across studies; however, the majority were only tested in single studies and lacked replicated findings.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indices of heterogeneity were high (I 2 = 85.3%) for residual depressive symptoms but not for prior episodes (I 2 = 0%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three variables, however, were examined across multiple studies that reported sufficient data to enable meta-analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many studies that were deemed ineligible for this review were well-designed controlled trials with adequate longitudinal follow-up periods; however, these did not quantify RR events or rates at follow-up.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, over half of the reviewed studies only reported significant results -there was no mention of variables that were non-significant predictors of RR in most of the studies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Personality factors (e.g. neuroticism, hopelessness, perceived pleasure) predicted RR most frequently in the included studies, albeit in single studies.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The largest number of subjects that experienced a RR event in the reviewed studies was 40 (Gollan et al. , 2006), whilst the mean was only 19.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The systematic review protocol was registered and published in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) ahead of conducting the review (protocol ID: PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017057747).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifty-nine full-text articles were then assessed for eligibility independently by two reviewers; any disagreements were discussed and resolved by consensus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, some patients are prone to RR after CBT as described in a review by Paykel (2007), where rates between studies ranged from 10 to 49%.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paykel (2007)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no disagreements in results between the two independent reviewers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two reviewers extracted the data independently.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an increasingly available and effective psychological intervention, recommended as a first-line treatment in clinical guidelines for the management of depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2000b; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2000b
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression ( t = -0.8810, d.f. = 2, p = 0.47) and rank correlation tests (Kendall ' s tau = -0.33, p = 0.75) for funnel plot asymmetry were not statistically significant and the fail-safe N was 9.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression ( t = 1.40, d.f. = 2, p = 0.30) and rank correlation tests (Kendall ' s tau = 0.33, p = 0.75) for funnel plot asymmetry were not statistically significant and the fail-safe N was 7.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Evans et al. (1992) and Forand and DeRubeis (2013), the authors of the paper are also the therapists within the study, potentially leading to researcher allegiance effects.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 1992
- Not checked yetcites Forand and DeRubeis, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As is common in longitudinal studies, there were high rates of attrition.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other demographic characteristics that were not associated with RR included age, gender, race, employment status, education, socioeconomic status, and intelligence (Evans et al. , 1992).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al. , 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thase et al. (1992) found that unmarried participants were more likely to experience RR; however, Evans et al. (1992) did not find marital status to be a significant predictor.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thase et al. (1992) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Non-significant diagnostic and clinical history features included: age at onset of disorder; duration of current episode; insidiousness of onset; presence of precipitant; previous treatment with tricyclics; history of hospitalization; suicidal ideation; history of suicide attempts; history of alcoholism; history of substance abuse; Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) depressive sub-type; double dep”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al. , 1992
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“A third commonly cited predictor of depressive RR is cognitive reactivity as measured by the DAS following a mood induction procedure (Segal et al. , 1999, 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Segal et al. , 1999, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, at least 30% of patients were found to experience RR (relapse and/or recurrence) after acute-phase CBT, confirming that depression is a refractory condition, particularly for patients with prior episodes and with residual depressive symptoms at the end of treatment.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present review had several strengths including the pre-registration of the study protocol; searches across multiple databases, reference lists and direct requisition to corresponding authors; double rating of included studies; and quantitative meta-analyses of available data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“As others have argued (Scott et al. , 2003), adjunctive and continuation-phase interventions are costly, but gains in prevention tend to outweigh the costs of future episodes of care for people that experience RR, who are often more severely impaired with each subsequent episode.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scott et al. , 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present review had several strengths including the pre-registration of the study protocol; searches across multiple databases, reference lists and direct requisition to corresponding authors; double rating of included studies; and quantitative meta-analyses of available data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present review had several strengths including the pre-registration of the study protocol; searches across multiple databases, reference lists and direct requisition to corresponding authors; double rating of included studies; and quantitative meta-analyses of available data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are also well-established relapse prevention interventions that should be offered after patients have completed an acute-phase treatment, such as continuation-phase CBT (Vittengl et al. , 2007) and MBCT (Piet and Hougaard, 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vittengl et al. , 2007
- Not checked yetcites Piet and Hougaard, 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this review was limited by the exclusions imposed on grey literature, publications in languages other than English, studies in children and young people, and studies which included a continuation-phase procedure or intervention.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present review had several strengths including the pre-registration of the study protocol; searches across multiple databases, reference lists and direct requisition to corresponding authors; double rating of included studies; and quantitative meta-analyses of available data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior systematic review and quantitative synthesis of predictors of relapse/recurrence after CBT for depression exists.
“This study presents the first systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the literature on predictors of RR (relapse and/or recurrence) after CBT for depression.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“after treatment, a higher risk of relapse has been associated with the number and severity of previous episodes, the persistence of residual symptoms and a history of childhood maltreatment.9,15,19–23”
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This is consistent with other studies where few clinical factors predicted relapse in patients after treatment for MDD.15,20–23”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Predictors of RR · p. 8
“Only four variables were consistently assessed as potential predictors of RR in more than one study (residual depressive symptoms, prior episodes, cognitive reactivity, marital status).”
§ Personality factors · p. 11
“Attributional style was not found to be significantly associated with risk of RR (Evans et al. , 1992; Gollan et al. , 2006).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Rates of RR · p. 8
“The reported rates of depressive RR varied between studies, ranging from 18.5 to 46.5% after acute-phase CBT.”
§ Sequence generation · p. 7
“Harkness et al. (2014) | 108 | Both | < 4 m of remission | 2/22(9)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Abstract · p. 2
“Twenty-six predictor variables were identified and grouped into seven categories: residual depressive symptoms; prior episodes of depression; cognitive reactivity; stressful life events; personality factors; clinical and diagnostic factors; demographics.”
§ Predictors of RR · p. 8
“Studies included in this review investigated 62 variables as potential predictors of relapse.”
Citations
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“Five studies examined residual depressive symptoms (e.g. measured using the Beck Depression Inventory; Beck et al., 1961, or Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; Hamilton, 1960) at the end of the acute phase of treatment as a predictor of RR.”
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Items 101–105 of 105
Borghgraef, D., Sienaert, P. A., & Lambrichts, S. (2026) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437261448747
Casas, A. E., Gerbaudo, M. A., Sainz‐Ballesteros, A., Freisztav, M. C., Furchi, A. G., Grinberg, M., Manubens, R. T., D’Amelio, T. A., & Bruno, N. M. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2026.100613
Meyer, T. D., Vale, L., Ibrahim, M., Olmos, C., Quevedo, J., & Soares, J. C. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118471
Yi, H., Tang, W., Chen, Q., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence14090228
نظرية كشف الكيان: إطار بنيوي-معرفي لتفسير تشكّل واستمرارية الأعراض الاكتئابية.
الشمري, م. ح. ظ. (2026) · المجلة الدولية للبحث والتطوير التربوي · doi:10.68704/jred.i11.6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wojnarowski, C., Firth, N., Finegan, M., & Delgadillo, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wojnarowski, Caroline
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019-03-21
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 514-529
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- OpenAlex
- W2906420156
- Semantic Scholar
- 1e09ba2efd15d1e8d6e17722669310f81e5613bc
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, major depressive disorder, depression relapse, depression recurrence, predictors of relapse, residual depressive symptoms, cognitive reactivity, life events, personality factors
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Prognosis, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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