The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effect of education and occupational complexity on rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients
Abstract
We explored the effect of education and occupational complexity on the rate of cognitive decline (as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination) in 171 patients with a confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Complexity was measured as substantive complexity of work and complexity of work with data, people, and things. Average lifetime occupational complexity was calculated based on years at each occupation. Participants were followed for an average of 2.5 years and 3.7 visits. In multivariate mixed-effects models, high education, high substantive complexity, and high complexity of work with data and people predicted faster rates of cognitive decline, controlling for age, gender, native language, dementia severity, and entry into the analyses at initial versus follow-up testing. These results provide support for the concept of cognitive reserve according to which greater reserve may postpone clinical onset of AD but also accelerate cognitive decline after the onset. (JINS, 2006, 12, 147–152.)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because factors such as age, sex, education, physical activity, and smoking status may determine social relationships and also influence BDNF levels, dementia risk, and stroke risk, we parsimoniously adjusted for a priori variables [4], [25], [26].”
From Associations between social relationship measures, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and risk of stroke and dementia (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Katzman, R. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.13 · Cited by 1,186
Rate of memory decline in AD is related to education and occupation: Cognitive reserve?
Stern, Y., Albert, S., Tang, M.-X., & Tsai, W.-Y. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.1942 · Cited by 557
Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons
Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Evans, D. A., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Arnold, S. E., Barnes, L. L., & Bienias, J. L. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000069923.64550.9f · Cited by 549
Inverse relationship between education and parietotemporal perfusion deficit in Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y., Alexander, G. E., Prohovnik, I., & Mayeux, R. (1992) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410320311 · Cited by 470
Reliability of the Washington University Clinical Dementia Rating
Burke, W. J., Miller, J. P., Rubin, E. H., Morris, J. C., Coben, L. A., Duchek, J. M., Wittels, I. G., & Berg, L. (1988) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520250037015 · Cited by 327
Stern, Y., Alexander, G. E., Prohovnik, I., Stricks, L., Link, B., Lennon, M. C., & Mayeux, R. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.1.55 · Cited by 270
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Roos, P.A. & Treiman, D.J. (1980).DOT scales for the 1970 Census classification. In A.R. Miller , D.J. Treiman , P.S Cain , & P.A. Roos (Eds.),Work, jobs, and occupations: A critical review of occupationaltitles.Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
- Fritsch, T. , McClendon, M.J. , Smyth, K.A. , & Ogrocki, P.K., (2002).Effects of educational attainment and occupational status oncognitive and functional decline in persons with Alzheimer-typedementia.International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,14,347–363.
- Miller, A.R. , Treiman, D.J. , Cain, P.S. , & Roos, P.A. (1980).Work, jobs, and occupations: A critical review of occupationaltitles.Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Education and cognitive functioning across the life span
Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620920576 · Cited by 1,224
Defining Cognitive Reserve and Implications for Cognitive Aging
Pettigrew, C. A., & Soldan, A. (2019) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-019-0917-z · Cited by 484
Episodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies
Tromp, D., Dufour, A., Lithfous, S., Pebayle, T., & Després, O. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.006 · Cited by 390
Nithianantharajah, J., & Hannan, A. J. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.001 · Cited by 341
“…increased cognitive function, and enhanced complex mental activity, as protective factors against dementia and other brain disorders (e.g. Andel et al., 2006; Le Carret et al., 2005; Richards and Deary, 2005; Scarmeas and Stern, 2003, 2004; Scarmeas et al., 2003; Staff et al., 2004;…”
Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the Risk for Dementia: The Framingham Heart Study
Weinstein, G., Beiser, A. S., Choi, S. H., Preis, S. R., Chen, T. C., Vorgas, D., Au, R., Pikula, A., Wolf, P. A., DeStefano, A. L., et al. (2014) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4781 · Cited by 289
Metadata
- Authors
- ANDEL, R., VIGEN, C., MACK, W. J., CLARK, L. J., & GATZ, M.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 147-152
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- OpenAlex
- W2031572198
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30 AG17265, P50-AG05142, P50AG005142, P30AG017265)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline, educational attainment, occupational complexity, cognitive reserve, job complexity, Mini-Mental State Examination, dementia progression
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Education, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Psychological, Occupations, Age of Onset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
