Nonliteral language in Alzheimer dementia: A review
Abstract
The use of nonliteral language in clinical assessment, especially testing the patients' ability to interpret proverbs, has a long tradition in psychiatry. However, its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in dementias is not yet clear. The aim of this review article is to examine the current evidence on nonliteral/figurative language (proverb, metaphor, metonymy, idiom, irony, sarcasm) comprehension in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. A comprehensive literature search identified 25 studies (16 proverb, 3 metaphor, 0 metonymy, 5 idiom, 3 sarcasm) on nonliteral language comprehension in dementia. Studies predominantly indicate a deficit. Most studies investigated Alzheimer's dementia. Applied correctly, nonliteral language is a worthwhile diagnostic tool to evaluate language and abstract thinking in dementias. During assessment, familiarity testing (e.g., by asking "are you familiar with the proverb XY") is obligatory. Still, future research is needed in several areas: evidence on decline of nonliteral language over the course of the illness is limited. So far, almost no studies delineated proverb comprehension in high risk populations such as patients with mild cognitive impairment. Currently, there is a lack of studies addressing performance in direct comparison to relevant differential diagnosis like older-age depression, delirium, brain lesion, or other psychiatric conditions.
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Distinct linguistic deficits have been observed in Alzheimer's disease, including lexico-semantic impairment, simplified syntax and altered figurative language processing.
“Distinct deficits have been observed in Alzheimer's disease (lexico-semantic impairment, 2,29 simplified syntax, 13 altered figurative language processing 16 )”
From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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A proverbial excursion: On the hazards of administering proverbs to test the capacity to abstract
Sander, F. M., & Greenberg, H. R. (1968) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf01564310 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
THE MAKING OF PSYCHIATRIC RECORDS
Farrar, C. B. (1906) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.62.3.479 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Linguistic Features Identify Alzheimer’s Disease in Narrative Speech
Fraser, K. C., Meltzer, J. A., & Rudzicz, F. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150520 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Gosztolya, G., Vincze, V., Tóth, L., Pákáski, M., Kálmán, J., & Hoffmann, I. (2019) · Computer Speech & Language · doi:10.1016/j.csl.2018.07.007 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity
García, A. M., de Leon, J., Tee, B. L., Blasi, D. E., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad253 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Neurodegenerative Disorders of Speech and Language: Non-language-dominant Diseases
García, A. M., DeLeon, J., & Tee, B. L. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, 2nd edition · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00042-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rapp, A. M., & Wild, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rapp, Alexander M.
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-01-18
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-218
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- OpenAlex
- W2049153052
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- figurative language, figurative language comprehension, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, proverbs, metaphor, idioms, sarcasm, irony, metonymy, sensitivity and specificity, mild cognitive impairment, abstract thinking, differential diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Language, Neuropsychological Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Databases, Bibliographic, Metaphor, Comprehension
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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