Cognitive Rehabilitation Multi-family Group Intervention for Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Their Care-Partners
Abstract
There is increasing need for early, pro-active programs that can delay dementia diagnosis and enhance well-being of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and their care-partners (i.e., care-dyads). This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of a combined cognitive rehabilitation and multi-family group treatment (CR-MFG) that was designed to facilitate adoption of newly learned cognitive strategies into the care-dyads everyday lives. Analyzed data included 23 care-dyads who participated in CR-MFG treatment and 23 care-dyads in standard care (SC). The 3-month intervention consisted of individual joining sessions, an educational workshop, and 20/twice weekly multifamily memory strategy training and problem-solving sessions. Everyday functioning, memory, and psychological functioning (i.e., quality-of-life, depression, coping) were assessed. The CR-MFG intervention was associated with significant post-test group differences and improved post-test performances by the MCI participants on performance-based measures of everyday functioning and neuropsychological tests of memory. There was also some suggestion that CR-MFG care-partners perceived positive change in the everyday functioning of the MCI participants. In contrast, no post-test group differences were found for either care-dyad member on the self-report psychological measures; care-partners in the treatment group did self-report improved coping behaviors at post-test. These 3-month results are preliminary but suggestive that CR-MFG may produce modest, practical everyday functional benefits for persons with MCI. ( JINS , 2014, 20 , 1–12)
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With regard to mood, well-being and quality of life, no therapeutic effects in MCI patients, neither at short-term (3 months) nor at long-term (24 months) follow-up, were detected in most studies, including four randomized controlled trials and one randomized non-controlled trial.
“With regard to mood, well-being and quality of life no therapeutic effects in MCI patients, neither at short-term (3 months) nor at long-term (24 months) follow-up, were detected in most studies, including four randomized controlled trials [48–51, 54, 59, 60] and one randomized non-controlled trial [52, 53].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
A total of 10 research groups described psychoeducational interventions in individuals with MCI in addition to cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive training, mindfulness-based stress reduction, behavioral activation, or enriched by a recovery model approach.
“A total of 10 research groups described psychoeducational interventions in addition to cognitive rehabilitation [38, 50], cognitive training [52, 53, 59, 60, 65], mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) [46, 47, 57, 58], behavioral activation [44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 54], or enriched by a recovery model approach [67]”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
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“Four of the studies did not provide the location where the intervention was implemented (Auclair et al., 2009; Martin-Cook et al., 2005; Schmitter-Edgecombe & Dyck, 2014; Schmitter-Edgecombe et al., 2008).”
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“Deficits in performance on a variety of other tests for semantic memory, such as lexical decision, semantic categorization,12 semantic encoding,13 and semantic priming,14 and in productive and receptive discourse-level processing have also been reported in MCI.15,16 The naming impairment seems to be the most common be…”
ResultInfluentialThe Effects of Cognitive-Based Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Detecting Smartwatch-Based Behavior Change in Response to a Multi-Domain Brain Health Intervention
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“…treatment for patients with mild cognitive impairment and a family member to usual care, reported significant improvements post-intervention in mean scores of everyday functioning and cognitive functioning, but calculated that effect sizes were not significant (Schmitter-Edgecombe & Dyck, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe development of a manual-based digital memory notebook intervention with case study illustrations
Chudoba, L. A., Sawaqdeh, A. J., Dahmen, J., Brown, K. D., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2019.1611606 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Previous iterations of a traditional memory notebook (Schmitter-Edgecombe et al., 2008; Schmitter-Edgecombe & Dyck, 2014), which included hourly logs to record daily activities, to-do lists, a goal setting page, a notes section, and a calendar, were used as the starting point for the development of…”
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Smart home-driven digital memory notebook support of activity self-management for older adults
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“In one randomized controlled trial for 46 individuals with MCI and their care-partners, individuals who used the notebook intervention reported fewer symptoms of depression and greater use of memory strategies in their everyday lives, while care-partners reported better coping selfefficacy [17].”
Self-citationRaimo, S., Cropano, M., Gaita, M., Maggi, G., Cavallo, N. D., Roldán-Tapia, L., & Santangelo, G. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13111510 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chan, R. C.-F., Zhou, J. H.-S., Cao, Y., Lo, K. K.-H., Ng, P. H. F., Shum, D., & Wong, A. Y. L. (2025) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/70291 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Conversely, numerous studies have advocated nonpharmacological interventions, such as physical training (PT) or cognitive training (CT), as effective strategies for managing MCI [11-13].”
Li, F. Y., Parsons, J. G. M., Peri, K., Yu, A., & Cheung, G. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.06.009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
van Es, C. M., Khoury, B. E., van Dis, E. A. M., Brake, H. T., van Ee, E., Boelen, P. A., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12876 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coe, Á., Martin, M., & Stapleton, T. (2019) · Occupational Therapy in Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2018.1543911 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…et al., 2010; Willis et al., 2006); outcomes for clients with MCI (Jean et al., 2010; Kinsella et al., 2009; Londos et al., 2008; O’Sullivan, Coen, O’Hora, & Shiel, 2015; Schmitter-Edgecombe & Dyck, 2014); or outcomes for clients with a diagnosis of dementia (Clare et al., 2010; Kim, 2015).”
BackgroundStructured External Memory Aid Treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment
Lanzi, A. M., & Bourgeois, M. S. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-cac48-18-0209 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Planning in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: an fMRI study
Lejko, N., Tumati, S., Opmeer, E. M., Marsman, J.-B. C., Reesink, F. E., Deyn, P. P. D., Aleman, A., & Ćurĉić‐Blake, B. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111673 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“MCI that teach goal-setting, planning, and sequencing were found to have positive effects not only on planning abilities, but also on memory and daily functioning (Fukuta and Mori, 2019; Schmitter-Edgecombe and Dyck, 2014).”
BackgroundFakolade, A. O., Walters, A. J., Cameron, J., Latimer‐Cheung, A. E., & Pilutti, L. A. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.10.022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Spiers, G., Tan, M. M. C., Astbury, J. L., Hall, A., Ahmed, N., Lanyi, K., Williams, O., Beyer, F. R., Craig, D., & Hanratty, B. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04897-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Simon, C., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1150426 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Cognitive rehabilitation for individuals with memory impairment often includes training in external and internal memory strategies (Dellefield & McDougall, 1996; Schmitter-Edgecombe & Dyck, 2014; Stigsdotter Neely & Bäckman, 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnderson, J. G., Lopez, R. P., Rose, K. M., & Specht, J. K. P. (2017) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20161209-05 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yi-En, T. U. N. G., Kuo, L., Chen, M., Hsu, W., & Shyu, Y. L. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000541 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, most programs have focused on cognitive behavioral training programs, memory rehabilitation, and participation inmeaningful activities forMCI (Schmitter-Edgecombe & Dyck, 2014; Yu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundCognitive Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Belleville, S., Boller, B., & del Val, L. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42662-4_18 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Adelirad, F., Javadivala, Z., Dianat, I., Tabieh, A. A., & Chattu, V. K. (2024) · BioSocial Health Journal. · doi:10.34172/bshj.3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“49,50 Several possible mechanisms may underlie training-induced enhancements of efficiency that are closely connected to neuroplasticity , chemical transmitter, and change in neuromodulator of central pathway, selectively increasing angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis.”
BackgroundZuschnegg, J., Ropele, S., Opriessnig, P., Schmidt, R., Russegger, S., Fellner, M., Leitner, M., Spat, S., Garcia, M. L., Strobl, B., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329931 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Further studies using cognitive training methods without technical support, such as stimulation therapy, reality orientation and skills training, found similar results for persons being at risk of cognitive decline [42] and also for people with MCI [14,43–51].”
Jao, Y., Epps, F. R., Madrigal, C. B., Rose, K. M., & Specht, J. K. P. (2016) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20160726-01 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“(4) Patients had incomplete clinical data.”
BackgroundSchmitter‐Edgecombe, M., Luna, C. M., & Cook, D. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11389-5_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Li, X., Beech, B. F., Hales, T., Son, C. R. V., Chilton, R., Lujan, C., Duell, B., DeSmet, C., Cook, D. J., Johnson, R. K., et al. (2025) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaf102 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLe terapie multifamiliari: evoluzione storica e stato attuale
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Multifamily Group Psychotherapy for Patients With Nonepileptic Seizures and Their Families
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Trimeche, M., Zidi, M. I., Al-Shalaki, T., Alnair, A. M. A., SaadAshwal, E. S., Ibrahim, M. M. H., Megahed, A. A. E.-H. M., & Helal, I. E. H. A. (2023) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2023.08.023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Farias, S. T., Fox, J. M., Aralis, H. J., Harvey, D. J., Chan, M., Ryan, M., Weakley, A. M., Rahman, S., Luna, C. M., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2026) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2026.100231 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDyadische Gruppenpsychotherapie bei demenzieller Entwicklung
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Spinal cord injury: Multiple family group (MFG) education and support
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Self-citationThe North East Essex MCI practitioner role and service pathway: A description
Galvin, S., Stephens, E., Hewitt, A., & Needham, J. (2023) · FPOP Bulletin Psychology of Older People · doi:10.53841/bpsfpop.2023.1.161.30
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Evaluating a new treatment pathway for service users and carers
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Evidence and clinical considerations for cognitive rehabilitation
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Milner, A. E., Horwitz, T. B., Tuli, D., Xie, S., Sharma, D., Merced, R. A. D. L., & Harvey, A. G. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10655912/v1
Valencia, J. A., & Álvarez, L. (2026) · Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia · doi:10.17533/udea.rp.e362444
- Authors
- Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., & Dyck, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-09-15
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 897-908
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- OpenAlex
- W1971312117
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, cognitive rehabilitation, care partners, dementia prevention, daily functioning, quality of life, depression, coping, family caregivers
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Family Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Caregivers, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Cognitive Dysfunction
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