Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia – meta‐analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To quantify the risk of developing dementia in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method: Meta‐analysis of inception cohort studies. Results: Forty‐one robust cohort studies were identified. To avoid heterogeneity clinical studies, population studies and clinical trials were analysed separately. Using Mayo defined MCI at baseline and adjusting for sample size, the cumulative proportion who progressed to dementia, to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to vascular dementia (VaD) was 39.2%, 33.6% and 6.2%, respectively in specialist settings and 21.9%, 28.9% and 5.2%, respectively in population studies. The adjusted annual conversion rate (ACR) from Mayo defined MCI to dementia, AD and VaD was 9.6%, 8.1% and 1.9%, respectively in specialist clinical settings and 4.9%, 6.8% and 1.6% in community studies. Figures from non‐Mayo defined MCI and clinical trials are also reported. Conclusion: The ACR is approximately 5–10% and most people with MCI will not progress to dementia even after 10 years of follow‐up.
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Individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment are a heterogeneous group, with only about 30% of them developing Alzheimer's dementia within 3 years after clinical MCI diagnosis.
“Individuals diagnosed with MCI are a heterogeneous group, with only about 30 % of them developing Alzheimer’s dementia within 3 years after clinical MCI diagnosis [8].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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Influential2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
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“Many (but not all) people with subjective cognitive decline go on to develop MCI and dementia (see Prevalence section).”
Influential2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
2018 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1,912 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of 41 studies found that among individuals with MCI who were tracked for 5 years or longer, an average of 38 percent developed dementia [18].”
Talbot, K., Wang, H.-Y., Kazi, H., Han, L.-Y., Bakshi, K. P., Stucky, A., Fuino, R. L., Kawaguchi, K. R., Samoyedny, A. J., Wilson, R. S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci59903 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
“Since MCI cases, especially amnestic cases, have a higher than normal risk of developing AD (93), our data suggest that brain insulin resistance may begin at a predementia stage of AD.”
BackgroundMethodMild cognitive impairment: a concept in evolution
Petersen, R. C., Caracciolo, B., Brayne, C., Gauthier, S., Jelic, V., & Fratiglioni, L. (2014) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12190 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review
Langa, K. M., & Levine, D. A. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13806 · Cited by 1,337 · see citing works
2017 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(, T. D. B. T. A.-R. C. C. A. S. O. A. C. B. S., different, ). J. A. I. A., destroyed, S. A. T. A. S. T. M. E. T. M. C. I. S. I. A. G. W. A. T. R. N. I. T. O. B. T. F. N. T. B. D. A. D. A. U. I. B. R. I. I. F. N. M. A. N. I. O. P. O. T. B. A. D. A., difficulties, I. E. O., agitation, I. N. S. S. A., & delusions., S. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.001 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
“MCI is a condition in which an individual has mild but measurable changes in thinking abilities that are noticeable to the person affected and to family members and friends, but do not affect the individual’s ability to carry out everyday activities.”
InfluentialMitchell, A. J., Beaumont, H., Ferguson, D. Y., Yadegarfar, M., & Stubbs, B. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12336 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
“6) in relation to progression of MCI to dementia (29).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBrain Imaging in Alzheimer Disease
Johnson, K. A., Fox, N. C., Sperling, R. A., & Klunk, W. E. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006213 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
“2006) and a recent meta-analysis concluded that most people with MCI will not progress to dementia even after 10 years of follow-up (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki 2009).”
MethodClassification and Epidemiology of MCI
Roberts, R. O., & Knopman, D. S. (2013) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.003 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Longitudinal assessment of Aβ and cognition in aging and Alzheimer disease
Villemagne, V. L., Pike, K. E., Chételat, G., Ellis, K. A., Mulligan, R. S., Bourgeat, P., Ackermann, U., Jones, G., Szoeke, C., Salvado, O., et al. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22248 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Hill, N. T. M., Mowszowski, L., Naismith, S. L., Chadwick, V. L., Valenzuela, M., & Lampit, A. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030360 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Kirova, A.-M., Bays, R. B., & Lagalwar, S. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/748212 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults
Krikorian, R., Shidler, M. D., Nash, T. A., Kalt, W., Vinqvist-Tymchuk, M. R., Shukitt-Hale, B., & Joseph, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9029332 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
<p>Alzheimer’s Disease – Why We Need Early Diagnosis</p>
Rasmussen, J., & Langerman, H. (2019) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s228939 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
“17 Patients should be advised that the issue they have is not entirely normal and needs to be reviewed to determine if it remains the same or changes either for the better or the worse.”
Ward, A., Tardiff, S., Dye, C., & Arrighi, H. M. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000354370 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023678 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Sanford, A. M. (2017) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.005 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Sexton, C. E., Kalu, U. G., Filippini, N., Mackay, C. E., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.019 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Economic burden of Alzheimer disease and managed care considerations
Winston Wong, P. (2020) · The American Journal of Managed Care · doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.88482 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Cognitive frailty, a novel target for the prevention of elderly dependency
Ruan, Q., Yu, Z., Ma, C., Bao, Z., Li, J., & He, W. (2014) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.004 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Physical Exercise, Aging, and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study
Geda, Y. E., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Christianson, T. J. H., Pankratz, V. S., Ivnik, R. J., Boeve, B. F., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., & Rocca, W. A. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.297 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Structural imaging of hippocampal subfields in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease
de Florès, R., Joie, R. L., & Chételat, G. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.033 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
“…studies of MCI patients with a minimal longitudinal follow up of 3 years, annual conversion rate to AD was estimated around 7% for MCI and almost 12% for amnestic MCI, while relative risk of AD (as compared to cognitively normal individuals) was around 9-fold (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009).”
BackgroundDietary ketosis enhances memory in mild cognitive impairment
Krikorian, R., Shidler, M. D., Dangelo, K. N., Couch, S. C., Benoit, S. C., & Clegg, D. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.006 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
“Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical construct that identifies individuals with increased risk for dementia and represents the first manifestation of neurodegeneration for a substantial subset of individuals who will progress to AD (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009; Petersen, 2004).”
BackgroundHersi, M., Irvine, B., Gupta, P., Gomes, J., Birkett, N., & Krewski, D. (2017) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.006 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“One moderate-quality systematic review examined the risk of conversion from MCI to AD (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009).”
BackgroundKrikorian, R., Nash, T. A., Shidler, M. D., Shukitt-Hale, B., & Joseph, J. A. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509992364 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“The construct mild cognitive impairment((3)) identifies individuals with elevated risk for dementia((4)), and progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease can be as high as 10 % per year((5)).”
BackgroundLiss, J. L., Seleri Assunção, S., Cummings, J., Atri, A., Geldmacher, D. S., Candela, S. F., Devanand, D. P., Fillit, H. M., Susman, J., Mintzer, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13244 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety, and Apathy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Current Perspectives
Ma, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00009 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 in the Brain: The Dark Side of a Sneaky Infection
Marcocci, M. E., Napoletani, G., Protto, V., Kolesova, O., Piacentini, R., Li Puma, D. D., Lomonte, P., Grassi, C., Palamara, A. T., & De Chiara, G. (2020) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.003 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“aMCI results in memory deficits that do not impair normal daily activities [60,61], and may be prodromal to AD [62], that is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible memory loss, cognitive decline, and deterioration of emotional control, daily routines, and social function [63].”
BackgroundFibre-specific white matter reductions in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment
Mito, R., Raffelt, D., Dhollander, T., Vaughan, D. N., Tournier, J.-D., Salvado, O., Brodtmann, A., Rowe, C. C., Villemagne, V. L., & Connelly, A. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx355 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“…are at higher risk of progressing to Alzheimer’s disease than cognitively unimpaired elderly individuals (Petersen, 2004; Gauthier et al., 2006; Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009), only those MCI subjects who also exhibit a high amyloid-b accumulation are believed to represent a prodromal…”
BackgroundDuong, S., Patel, T., & Chang, F. (2017) · Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada · doi:10.1177/1715163517690745 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“A significant number of individuals with MCI remain cognitively unchanged or return to normal cognition status.(10,14,15) Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia are complications of dementia.”
BackgroundCognitive intervention for persons with mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis
Li, H., Li, J., Li, N., Li, B., Wang, P., & Zhou, T. (2010) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2010.11.003 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Breton, A., Casey, D., & Arnaoutoglou, N. A. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5016 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“Around half of those diagnosed with MCI will develop dementia within 3 years, and from the point of MCI diagnosis, 6% to 15% of patients will convert to dementia per year.(2,3) Increasing interest is directed at early diagnosis of dementia; even though current drug treatments are not indicated for MCI,(4,5) early diag…”
BackgroundPalmer, K., Iulio, F. D., Varsi, A. E., Gianni, W., Sancesario, G., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1352 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“However, a recent meta-analysis [5] showed that annual conversion is greatly variable among studies, and lower than previously expected (8.”
Outcomes of Mild Cognitive Impairment by Definition
Ganguli, M., Snitz, B. E., Saxton, J. A., Chang, C.-C. H., Lee, C.-W., Bilt, J. V., Hughes, T. F., Loewenstein, D., Unverzagt, F. W., & Petersen, R. C. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.101 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“Although longer prospective studies usually report annual progression rates averaged over multiple years,(5,8,12,14) the annual rate changes over time.(12) Repeated assessments of this cohort over a longer follow-up period will clarify these patterns and identify the profiles of individuals whose mild impairments are…”
Shaw, L. M., Arias, J., Blennow, K., Galasko, D., Molinuevo, J. L., Salloway, S., Schindler, S., Carrillo, M. C., Hendrix, J. A., Ross, A., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.220 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Many studies have shown that MCI is associated with an increased risk of progression to dementia [113] and that different subtypes of MCI may have different risks; for example, amnestic MCImay have a higher risk of progression toAD than nonamnestic MCI [114].”
BackgroundYou, Y., Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Qin, J., Guo, S., Huang, J., & Tao, J. (2021) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-020-01648-9 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Salvatore, C., Cerasa, A., Battista, P., Gilardi, M. C., Quattrone, A., & Castiglioni, I. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00307 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of normal cognition in Parkinson disease
Pigott, K., Rick, J., Xie, S. X., Hurtig, H., Chen-Plotkin, A., Duda, J. E., Morley, J. F., Chahine, L. M., Dahodwala, N., Akhtar, R. S., et al. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002001 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“These findings are in contrast to those reported for MCI in the general population, in which the majority of patients will not progress to dementia even after 10 years of follow-up.(26) Using total DRS-2 score to control for global cognitive performance at baseline, demographic predictors of progression to cognitive i…”
Leung, K. K., Barnes, J., Ridgway, G. R., Bartlett, J. W., Clarkson, M. J., Macdonald, K. E., Schuff, N. W., Fox, N. C., & Sebastien Ourselin, A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.018 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The clinical characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies and a consideration of prodromal diagnosis
Donaghy, P. C., & McKeith, I. G. (2014) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt274 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“People with MCI are at increased risk of developing dementia [14], leading to MCI being considered a prodromal phase of dementia [15].”
BackgroundConcord Grape Juice Supplementation and Neurocognitive Function in Human Aging
Krikorian, R., Boespflug, E. L., Fleck, D. E., Stein, A. L., Wightman, J. D., Shidler, M. D., & Sadat-Hossieny, S. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf300277g · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Villain, N., Fouquet, M., Baron, J.-C., Mezenge, F., Landeau, B., de La Sayette, V., Viader, F., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Chetelat, G. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq203 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“Other aetiologies for amnestic MCI are possible (Petersen and Negash, 2008), but the amnestic MCI criteria used here, namely, single-domain amnestic MCI (Petersen and Negash, 2008), defines the most specific clinical entity for the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009).”
BackgroundResultCognitive intervention in amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A systematic review
Simon, S. S., Yokomizo, J. E., & Bottino, C. M. C. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.01.007 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review
McWhirter, L., Ritchie, C., Stone, J., & Carson, A. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30405-5 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Pasinetti, G. M., Wang, J., Ho, L., Zhao, W., & Dubner, L. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.006 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“MCI defines a risk group, not a disease state, and in fact, many individuals with MCI do not progress to dementia or AD (Mitchell & Shiri-Feshki, 2009); these individuals probably do not have a brain disease.”
BackgroundBrain imaging of neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Montagne, A., Nation, D. A., Pa, J., Sweeney, M. D., Toga, A. W., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1570-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“Only a fraction of MCI patients progress to clinical AD over 5–10 years, and a recent meta-analysis concluded that the majority of MCI patients will not progress to dementia even after 10 years follow-up [114].”
Canevelli, M., Grande, G., Lacorte, E., Quarchioni, E., Cesari, M., Mariani, C., Bruno, G., & Vanacore, N. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.020 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Predictor of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older People
Delbaere, K., Kochan, N. A., Close, J., Menant, J. C., Sturnieks, D. L., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. S., & Lord, S. R. (2012) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31824afbc4 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Davis, M. R., O`Connell, T., Johnson, S., Cline, S. K., Merikle, E. P., Martényi, F., & Simpson, K. N. (2018) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205015666180119092427 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“8% in specialist and community settings, respectively [8].”
BackgroundQu, Y., Hu, H.-Y., Ou, Y.-N., Shen, X.-N., Xu, W., Wang, Z.-T., Dong, Q., Tan, L., & Yu, J.-T. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.012 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Political drive to screen for pre-dementia: not evidence based and ignores the harms of diagnosis
Couteur, D. G. L., Doust, J. A., Creasey, H. M., & Brayne, C. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f5125 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Trichopoulou, A., & Panza, F. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101395 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment progresses to dementia with Lewy bodies
Ferman, T. J., Smith, G. E., Kantarci, K., Boeve, B. F., Pankratz, V. S., Dickson, D. W., Graff-Radford, N. R., Wszolek, Z., Van Gerpen, J., Uitti, R., et al. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000436942.55281.47 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Graham, S. A., Lee, E., Jeste, D. V., Patten, R. V., Twamley, E. W., Nebeker, C., Yamada, Y., Kim, H., & Depp, C. A. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112732 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Lombardi, G., Crescioli, G., Cavedo, E., Lucenteforte, E., Casazza, G., Bellatorre, A.-G., Lista, C., Costantino, G., Frisoni, G., Virgili, G., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009628.pub2 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Rodakowski, J., Saghafi, E., Butters, M. A., & Skidmore, E. R. (2015) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.003 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Approximately 16% of older adults have MCI (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009; Petersen et al., 1999), and these older adults are at high risk of developing dementia.”
BackgroundMielke, M. M., Okonkwo, O. C., Oishi, K., Mori, S., Tighe, S. K., Miller, M. I., Ceritoglu, C., Brown, T., Albert, M., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.2416 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Weniger, G., Ruhleder, M., Lange, C., Wolf, S., & Irle, E. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.031 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Smailagic, N., Vacante, M., Hyde, C., Martin, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Sachpekidis, C. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010632.pub2 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Predictors of Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease
Gainotti, G., Quaranta, D., Vita, M. G., & Marra, C. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130881 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Hu, C., Yu, D., Sun, X., Zhang, M., Wang, L., & Qin, H. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217000473 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“MCI itself was also speculated to be a heterogeneous disorder with unidentified subtypes (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialLung disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia
Dodd, J. W. (2015) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0116-3 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with a 5 to 10% annual conversion rate to dementia [1,2].”
BackgroundTheta-Gamma Coupling and Working Memory in Alzheimer’s Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Goodman, M. S., Kumar, S., Zomorrodi, R., Ghazala, Z., Cheam, A., Barr, M. S., Daskalakis, Z. J., Blumberger, D. M., Fischer, C. E., Flint, A. J., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00101 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“While converging epidemiologic (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009), neuropsychological (Petersen et al., 1999) and neurophysiologic (Jack et al., 1999; Sabbagh et al., 2010) research has established a link between MCI and AD, the underlying mechanisms associated with the progression from MCI to AD…”
BackgroundKorolev, I. O., Symonds, L. L., Bozoki, A., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138866 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Although up to 60% of MCI patients develop dementia within a ten-year period, many people remain cognitively stable or regain normal cognitive (NC) function [5,6].”
BackgroundMethodCognition and gait in older people
Cohen, J. A., Verghese, J., & Zwerling, J. L. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.005 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Sachs-Ericsson, N., & Blazer, D. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.920303 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki (2009) found, in specialty settings, rates of conversion from MCI to dementia to be 39.2%, and in general population samples, to be 21.9%.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation between air pollutants and dementia risk in the elderly
Wu, Y., Lin, Y., Yu, H., Chen, J., Chen, T., Sun, Y., Wen, L., Yip, P., Chu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.015 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“However, only a small portion of cognitively impaired elderly progress to dementia [19]; therefore, studies on cognitive impairment have been unable to fully”
BackgroundGraham, S. F., Chevallier, O. P., Elliott, C. T., Hölscher, C., Johnston, J. A., McGuinness, B., Kehoe, P. G., Passmore, A. P., & Green, B. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119452 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“MCI is heterogeneous in nature with several potential outcomes, ranging from increased risk of developing AD to restoration of normal cognition [5–7].”
Cognitive intervention in Alzheimer disease
Buschert, V. C., Bokde, A. L. W., & Hampel, H. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.113 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Mild cognitive impairment in a community sample: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study
Brodaty, H., Heffernan, M., Kochan, N. A., Draper, B., Trollor, J. N., Reppermund, S., Slavin, M. J., & Sachdev, P. S. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.11.010 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Menopause and cognitive impairment: A narrative review of current knowledge
Conde, D. M., Verdade, R. C., Valadares, A. L. R., Mella, L. F. B., Pedro, A. O., & Costa‐Paiva, L. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i8.412 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Disentangling Heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Using Data-Driven Methods
Habes, M., Grothe, M. J., Tunc, B., McMillan, C., Wolk, D. A., & Davatzikos, C. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.016 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“While the condition often represents prodromal AD, patients may also progress to other dementia types, remain stable, or even revert to normal cognition(73,74).”
BackgroundKuring, J. K., Mathias, J. L., & Ward, L. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9396-2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment
Gates, N. J., Vernooij, R. W. M., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Rutjes, A. W. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012279.pub2 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Neuropsychological measures predict decline to Alzheimer's dementia from mild cognitive impairment.
Summers, M. J., & Saunders, N. L. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0028576 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Are Empirically-Derived Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment Consistent with Conventional Subtypes?
Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., Libon, D. J., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Bangen, K. J., Jak, A. J., Au, R., Salmon, D. P., & Bondi, M. W. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000313 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Although MCI is considered a risk factor for AD, many individuals diagnosed with MCI may remain stable, progress to a non-AD dementia such as vascular dementia (VaD) (Mitchell & Shiri-Feshki, 2009), or show improvement on cognitive tests upon follow-up (Loewenstein et al., 2009).”
Hughes, T. F., Flatt, J. D., Fu, B., Chang, C. H., & Ganguli, M. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610212002086 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories in diverse older persons.
Mungas, D., Beckett, L. A., Harvey, D. J., Farias, S. T., Reed, B., Carmichael, O. T., Olichney, J., Miller, J. W., & DeCarli, C. S. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0019502 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
McCleery, J., Abraham, R. P., Denton, D. A., Rutjes, A. W., Chong, L.-Y., Al-Assaf, A. S., Griffith, D. J., Rafeeq, S., Yaman, H., Malik, M. A., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011905.pub2 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Mitchell 2009 Mitchell AJ, Shiri-Feshki M. Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia--meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies.”
BackgroundDementia risk prediction in the population: are screening models accurate?
Stephan, B. C. M., Kurth, T., Matthews, F. E., Brayne, C., & Dufouil, C. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.54 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Ritchie, C. W., Smailagic, N., Noel-Storr, A. H., Takwoingi, Y., Flicker, L. A., Mason, S., & McShane, R. H. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008782.pub4 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Gifford, K. A., Liu, D., Lu, Z., Tripodis, Y., Cantwell, N. G., Palmisano, J. N., Kowall, N. W., & Jefferson, A. L. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.007 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Furthermore, given that estimates of conversion to MCI and dementia vary among clinic [49–51] and community samples [49,51], the findings from this study may reflect sample characteristics specific to the NACC cohort.”
BackgroundMaďari, A., Farbáková, J., Katina, S., Smolek, T., Novák, P., Weissova, T., Novák, M., & Žilka, N. (2015) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.034 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Zou, L., Loprinzi, P. D., Yeung, A., Zeng, N., & Huang, T. (2019) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.03.009 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Furney, S. J., Simmons, A., Breen, G., Pedroso, I., Lunnon, K., Proitsi, P., Hodges, A., Powell, J., Wahlund, L.-O., Kloszewska, I., et al. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.123 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“29 showed an annual conversion rate of 8.1% and a cumulative proportion of 33.6% for MCI conversion to dementia, although it is noted that some studies show higher proportions of conversion, and in all studies, some MCI subjects fail to progress only because of death.”
InfluentialLannfelt, L., Möller, C., Basun, H., Osswald, G., Sehlin, D., Satlin, A., Logovinsky, V., & Gellerfors, P. (2014) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt246 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Ottoy, J., Niemantsverdriet, E., Verhaeghe, J., De Roeck, E., Struyfs, H., Somers, C., wyffels, L., Ceyssens, S., Van Mossevelde, S., Van den Bossche, T., et al. (2019) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101771 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“In our 1-year follow-up study, 15 out of 42 MCI patients (31%) converted to AD dementia, which is higher than the 8–16% expected annual risk of conversion (Landau et al., 2010; Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009).”
Does mild cognitive impairment always lead to dementia? A review
Pandya, S. Y., Clem, M. A., Silva, L. M., & Woon, F. L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.07.055 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of 41MCI studies, usingMayo Clinic criteria [32,34], identified the annual progression rate to dementia from MCI as 10% in clinical settings (8% of the entire sample progressed to AD) and 5% in community settings (7% of the entire sample progressed to AD) [26], suggesting that the annual MCI progressio…”
Weissberger, G. H., Strong, J. V., Stefanidis, K. B., Summers, M. J., Bondi, M. W., & Stricker, N. H. (2017) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-017-9360-6 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“In addition, some individuals diagnosed with MCI revert back to normal, or never convert to AD (Klekociuk et al. 2014; Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki 2009; Summers and Saunders 2012), thus suggesting that these individuals may represent false positives and are not representative of early Alzheimer’s…”
BackgroundDiagnosing Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in clinical trials: a systematic review
Stephan, B. C. M., Minett, T., Pagett, E., Siervo, M., Brayne, C., & McKeith, I. G. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001909 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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“Since AD dementia constitutes only one of the possible clinical outcomes for MCI condition (Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki, 2009), data on validated biomarker accuracy for risk progression to different dementias in a large prodromal MCI sample are necessary, and currently lacking.”
BackgroundInfluentialPlasma microRNA biomarkers for detection of mild cognitive impairment: Biomarker Validation Study
Sheinerman, K. S., Tsivinsky, V. G., Abdullah, L. I., Crawford, F., & Umansky, S. R. (2013) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100624 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Since a large number of MCI patients will progress to AD dementia [24-26], it is reasonable to suggest that these biomarker pairs detect early stages of AD as well, although they do not differentiate AD from MCI caused by other conditions.”
BackgroundCost-effectiveness of Aducanumab and Donanemab for Early Alzheimer Disease in the US
Ross, E. L., Weinberg, M. S., & Arnold, S. E. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0315 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Karr, J. E., Graham, R., Hofer, S. M., & Terrera, G. M. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000236 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“…subjective cognitive decline or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) present with AD biomarkers (e.g., neurodegeneration, Meiberth et al., 2015, Spulber et al., 2012; amyloid burden, Amariglio et al., 2012) and some will go on to develop AD or another type of dementia (Mitchell & Shiri-Feshki, 2009).”
BackgroundHerukka, S.-K., Simonsen, A. H., Andreasen, N., Baldeiras, I., Bjerke, M., Blennow, K., Engelborghs, S., Frisoni, G. B., Gabryelewicz, T., Galluzzi, S., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.09.009 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Approximately 35% of MCI patients progress to AD dementia within a 3year follow-up with an annual conversion rate of 5%–10% [5].”
Ganguli, M., Fu, B., Snitz, B. E., Hughes, T. F., & Chang, C. H. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318295d776 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Diagnosis and biomarkers of predementia in Alzheimer's disease
Forlenza, O. V., Diniz, B. S., & Gattaz, W. F. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-89 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“However, a substantial variation in the annual progression rates from MCI to AD is observed across studies, ranging from low estimates of 3% to very high estimates of 40% to 50% in samples defined according to the Mayo Clinic diagnostic criteria for MCI [25,26].”
Background
- Authors
- Mitchell, A. J., & Shiri‐Feshki, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mitchell, A. J.
- ORCID
- Mitchell, A. J.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03-03
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 252-265
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2052226124
- Cited by
- 1,659
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, dementia progression, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Mayo criteria
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Dementia, Vascular, Cohort Studies, Prevalence, Disease Progression
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