The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The roles of study-abroad experience and working-memory capacity in the types of errors made during translation.
Abstract
We examined the effects of study-abroad experience (SAE) and working-memory capacity (WMC) on the types of errors made during single-word translation from the first language to the second language, contrasting non-response with meaning errors (i.e. when individuals translate semantically-related words instead of the target word). SAE and WMC interacted; individuals with more SAE and higher WMC made as many meaning as non-response errors, whereas individuals in the other groups made more non-response than meaning errors. We conclude that SAE encourages the use of approximate translations to communicate, but only higher WMC learners can do so because this strategy requires multiple items to be maintained in memory simultaneously. A speech-production model is adapted to capture our results and demonstrate the effects of differential working memory demands on producing correct translations, meaning errors, and non-response errors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We used the Spanish adapted version of the procedure developed by Turner and Engle (1989) (Turner and Engle, 1989; Tokowicz et al., 2004; Redick et al., 2012).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Tokowicz et al., 2004
Citations
Cites
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
A theory of lexical access in speech production
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99001776 · Cited by 5,295
Speaking: from intention to articulation
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1947 · Cited by 5,017
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153
A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production.
Dell, G. S. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.93.3.283 · Cited by 3,236
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 · Cited by 2,656 · cited 3×
“This assumption is consistent with most models of bilingual language processing (e.g. the Concept Mediation Model of Potter, So, Von Eckhardt and Feldman (1984); the Distributed Feature Model of De Groot (1992); the Revised Hierarchical Model of Kroll and Stewart (1994)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking Memory Capacity as Executive Attention
Engle, R. W. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160 · Cited by 2,507
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR
Francis, W. N., Kučera, H., & Mackie, A. W. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,310
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–156 of 156
Ionel, M. S., Rueda, M. R., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2024) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0416-3 · Cited by 1
Mentoring as a Critical Factor in the Development and Productivity of Scholars in Academia
Bobb, S. C., Hoshino, N., & Tokowicz, N. (2024) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.137.2.06 · Cited by 2
Self-citationOrthographic Representations Affect Adult Second Language Word Learning
Phillips, A. M. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Tolentino, L. C. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.003 · Cited by 1
Goo, J. (2011) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1
Contributions of executive control to individual differences in word production
Shao, Z. (2013) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 1
Lim, V. P. C. (2007) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
Tolentino, L. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e527342012-806
Self-citationSmith, C. J. (2007) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
The Language of Pain in the Bilingual Lexicon
Christian, A. (2010) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Searching for Affirmation: Relationships Between Ethnic Identity and Language
Podobnik, S. (2009) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
The construct of language proficiency in the study of bilingualism from a cognitive
Ulstijn, J. H. H. (2012)
Chowdhury, B., Bhattacharyya, D., Majumdar, D., & Majumdar, D. (2015) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.8.2.4
Chapter 8. Interdependence of L1 and L2 literacy
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.08ch8
Chapter 7. Components of language proficiency
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.07ch7
Chapter 9. Measuring language proficiency in research on L2 acquisition and bilingualism
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.09ch9
Chapter 6. Language proficiency of native speakers: Commonalities and differences
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.06ch6
Chapter 2. Language acquisition and the need for a theory of language proficiency
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.02ch2
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.01ch1
Chapter 4. BLC-HLC Theory: Language proficiency in non-native speakers
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.04ch4
Chapter 10. Levels of language proficiency in scales of educational assessment
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.10ch10
Chapter 5. BLC-HLC Theory: Summary and discussion of Part One
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.05ch5
Foreign Language Comprehension: Understanding the Centrality Deficit
Miller, A. C. (2010) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Working Memory and Corrective Feedback in Interaction
구재명 (2017) · The Journal of Studies in Language · doi:10.18627/jslg.32.4.201702.595
Bilinguals in Action as Language Professionals
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.007
Conclusions and Future Directions
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.008
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.005
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.011
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.012
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.009
Introducing CASP for Bilingualism
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.004
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.010
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.002
Filipović, L. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.001
Yang, C., & Zhang, L. J. (2023) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39574-1_2
The effect of study-abroad experience on lexical translation among interpreting students
Wang, R., Han, J., Biase, B. D., & Antoniou, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1266921
Pathak, L. S., Pathak, P., & Mishra, R. K. (2025) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069251331880
Yazykov, K. G., Васильевич, Р. И., Statsenko, F. A., & Glavatskikh, M. M. (2025) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2025-23-2-87-94
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.pi
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.epi
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.app
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.toc
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.si
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.refs
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.foreword
Chapter 3. BLC-HLC Theory: Language proficiency in native speakers
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.03ch3
(2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41.prelim
The Neural Consequences of Semantic Composition
Bruett, H., & Coutanche, M. N. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.108
Investigating second language learning and musical ability: an ERP study
Narzikul, K. M. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Working Memory in Interpreting and Translation Research
Uçar, N. G. (2025) · Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.30803/adusobed.1810413
Terrazas, G., Lofters, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2026) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2026.2637700
Self-citationKraus, K., & Gagne, D. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-25-01043
Metadata
- Authors
- TOKOWICZ, N., MICHAEL, E. B., & KROLL, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Bilingualism Language and Cognition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-11-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-272
- ISSN
- 1366-7289 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1841
- OpenAlex
- W2118021841
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bilingualism Language and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Keywords
- study abroad experience, working memory capacity, translation errors, nonresponse error, speech production models, bilingual translation, second language acquisition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
