The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The roles of study-abroad experience and working-memory capacity in the types of errors made during translation.
Abstract
We examined the effects of study-abroad experience (SAE) and working-memory capacity (WMC) on the types of errors made during single-word translation from the first language to the second language, contrasting non-response with meaning errors (i.e. when individuals translate semantically-related words instead of the target word). SAE and WMC interacted; individuals with more SAE and higher WMC made as many meaning as non-response errors, whereas individuals in the other groups made more non-response than meaning errors. We conclude that SAE encourages the use of approximate translations to communicate, but only higher WMC learners can do so because this strategy requires multiple items to be maintained in memory simultaneously. A speech-production model is adapted to capture our results and demonstrate the effects of differential working memory demands on producing correct translations, meaning errors, and non-response errors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We used the Spanish adapted version of the procedure developed by Turner and Engle (1989) (Turner and Engle, 1989; Tokowicz et al., 2004; Redick et al., 2012).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Tokowicz et al., 2004
Citations
Cites
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
A theory of lexical access in speech production
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99001776 · Cited by 5,295
Speaking: from intention to articulation
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1947 · Cited by 5,017
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153
A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production.
Dell, G. S. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.93.3.283 · Cited by 3,236
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 · Cited by 2,656 · cited 3×
“This assumption is consistent with most models of bilingual language processing (e.g. the Concept Mediation Model of Potter, So, Von Eckhardt and Feldman (1984); the Distributed Feature Model of De Groot (1992); the Revised Hierarchical Model of Kroll and Stewart (1994)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking Memory Capacity as Executive Attention
Engle, R. W. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160 · Cited by 2,507
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR
Francis, W. N., Kučera, H., & Mackie, A. W. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,310
Cited by
Sorted by citations
KROLL, J. F., BOBB, S. C., & WODNIECKA, Z. (2006) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728906002483 · Cited by 764
Self-citationWorking memory and second language comprehension and production: A meta-analysis
Linck, J. A., Osthus, P., Koeth, J. T., & Bunting, M. F. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0565-2 · Cited by 693
Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script?
Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2007) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001 · Cited by 419
Self-citationAspects of working memory in L2 learning
Juffs, A., & Harrington, M. (2011) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444810000509 · Cited by 249
Language history questionnaire: A Web-based interface for bilingual research
Li, P., Sepanski, S., & Zhao, X. (2006) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192770 · Cited by 398
Basnight-Brown, D., & Altarriba, J. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193468 · Cited by 232
CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY IN INTERACTION-DRIVEN L2 LEARNING
Goo, J. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263112000149 · Cited by 257
Exploring the Relationship Between Modified Output and Working Memory Capacity
Mackey, A., Adams, R. J., Stafford, C. A., & Winke, P. M. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00565.x · Cited by 216
The construct of language proficiency in the study of bilingualism from a cognitive perspective
Hulstijn, J. H. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000678 · Cited by 215
Athanasopoulos, P., Dering, B. R., Wiggett, A. J., Kuipers, J.-R., & Thierry, G. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.016 · Cited by 179
Cross-language lexical processes and inhibitory control
Linck, J. A., Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008) · The Mental Lexicon · doi:10.1075/ml.3.3.06lin · Cited by 173
Self-citationShao, Z., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (2012) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.670252 · Cited by 177
Number of meanings and concreteness: Consequences of ambiguity within and across languages
Tokowicz, N., & Kroll, J. (2007) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960601057068 · Cited by 150
Self-citationAn Investigation Into Second Language Aptitude for Advanced Chinese Language Learning
Winke, P. M. (2013) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.01428.x · Cited by 148
Faretta‐Stutenberg, M., & Morgan‐Short, K. (2017) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658316684903 · Cited by 139
Llanes, À. (2011) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2010.550297 · Cited by 136
Grey, S., Cox, J. G., Serafini, E. J., & Sanz, C. (2015) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12190 · Cited by 120
GraphCom: A multidimensional measure of graphic complexity applied to 131 written languages
Chang, L., Chen, Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0881-y · Cited by 113
Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults
Maraver, M. J., Bajo, M. T., & Gomez-Ariza, C. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00588 · Cited by 96
“We used the Spanish adapted version of the procedure developed by Turner and Engle (1989) (Turner and Engle, 1989; Tokowicz et al., 2004; Redick et al., 2012).”
MethodLim, V. P. C., Liow, S. J. R., Lincoln, M., Chan, Y. H., & Onslow, M. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408080181 · Cited by 78
When study-abroad experience fails to deliver: The internal resources threshold effect
Sunderman, G. L., & Kroll, J. F. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408090048 · Cited by 76
Self-citationElgort, I., Perfetti, C. A., Rickles, B., & Stafura, J. Z. (2015) · Language, Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.942673 · Cited by 72
Ambiguous words are harder to learn
Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2010) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990411 · Cited by 71
Self-citationThe Effectiveness of Study-Abroad on Second Language Learning: A Meta-Analysis
Yang, J. (2016) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.2344 · Cited by 69
Predicting native English-like performance by native Japanese speakers
Ingvalson, E. M., McClelland, J. L., & Holt, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2011.03.003 · Cited by 64
Language Proficiency in Native and Non-native Speakers
Hulstijn, J. H. (2015) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.41 · Cited by 245
Hoshino, N. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00009 · Cited by 65
L2 acquisition of Mandarin zai and -le
Tong, X., & Shirai, Y. (2016) · Chinese as a Second Language Research · doi:10.1515/caslar-2016-0001 · Cited by 61
Ransdell, S., Barbier, M.-L., & Niit, T. (2006) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.2167/beb390.0 · Cited by 58
Goo, J. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00573.x · Cited by 48
Beginning adult L2 learners' sensitivity to morphosyntactic violations: A self-paced reading study
Tokowicz, N., & Warren, T. C. (2010) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440903325178 · Cited by 42
Self-citationExecutive control mechanisms in bilingualism: Beyond speed of processing
Marton, K., Goral, M., Campanelli, L., Yoon, J., & Obler, L. K. (2016) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000930 · Cited by 37
The grammatical class effect is separable from the concreteness effect in language learning
Martin, K. I., & Tokowicz, N. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728919000233 · Cited by 39
Self-citationExamining English–German translation ambiguity using primed translation recognition*
Eddington, C. M., & Tokowicz, N. (2012) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000387 · Cited by 38
Self-citationBracken, J., Degani, T., Eddington, C. M., & Tokowicz, N. (2016) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728916000274 · Cited by 34
Self-citationTranslation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance
Prior, A., Kroll, J. F., & MacWhinney, B. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000272 · Cited by 35
Self-citationBilinguals’ Working Memory (WM) Advantage and Their Dual Language Practices
Yang, E. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7070086 · Cited by 35
Together or apart: Learning of translation-ambiguous words*
Degani, T., Tseng, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2014) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000837 · Cited by 24
Self-citationFilipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235 · Cited by 19
Mann, C., Canny, B. J., Reser, D. H., & Rajan, R. (2013) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.22 · Cited by 26
The impact of L1 writing system on ESL knowledge of vowel and consonant spellings
Martin, K. I. (2016) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9673-5 · Cited by 26
Impact of language dominance on phonetic transfer in Cantonese–English bilingual language switching
Tsui, R. K. Y., Tong, S. X., & CHAN, C. S. K. (2018) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716418000449 · Cited by 24
Tolentino, L. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.01.001 · Cited by 21
Self-citationA new take on individual differences in L2 proficiency gain during study abroad
Hessel, G. (2017) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2017.03.004 · Cited by 21
Bhide, A., Gadgil, S., Zelinsky, C. M., & Perfetti, C. A. (2013) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.855619 · Cited by 20
Human Behavior in Military Contexts
Gratch, J. S., Blascovich, J. J., Chemers, M. M., Hunt, E. B., Ilgen, D. R., Larsen, R. L., Mayer, R. E., O'Neil, J. H., McLaughlin, A. J., Patel, V. L., et al. (2008) · Cited by 20
Second language learners develop non-native lexical processing biases
Wiener, S. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918001165 · Cited by 20
Chang, L., Tang, Y.-Y., Lee, C.-Y., & Chen, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.783898 · Cited by 24
Trude, A. M., & Tokowicz, N. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00611.x · Cited by 19
Self-citationNowbakht, M. (2018) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-018-9607-2 · Cited by 18
Jongman, S. R., Meyer, A. S., & Roelofs, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137557 · Cited by 17
Working Memory in Second Language Acquisition
Sagarra, N. (2012) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1286 · Cited by 18
Bilingual language representation and cognitive processes in translation
Hatzidaki, A., & Pothos, E. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408080065 · Cited by 18
Chapter 9. The locus of cross-language activation
Guo, T., & Kang, C. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.2.10guo · Cited by 15
Rice, C. A., Tokowicz, N., Fraundorf, S. H., & Liburd, T. L. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00934-4 · Cited by 13
Self-citationCue strength in second-language processing: An eye-tracking study
Tuninetti, A., Warren, T. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.961934 · Cited by 15
Self-citationTijunelis, V., Satterfield, T., & Benkı́, J. R. (2013) · Hispania · doi:10.1353/hpn.2013.0050 · Cited by 13
Representation and Skill in Second Language Learners and Proficient Bilinguals
Kroll, J. F., & Linck, J. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5935-3_8 · Cited by 13
Self-citationLexical constraints in second language learning: Evidence on grammatical gender in German
Bobb, S., Kroll, J., & Jackson, C. (2015) · Bilingualism · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000534 · Cited by 16
Self-citationRahman, A., Yap, N. T., & Darmi, R. (2018) · 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies · doi:10.17576/3l-2018-2404-07 · Cited by 16
Angelovska, T., Roehm, D., & Weinmüller, S. (2020) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2019-0075 · Cited by 19
Thinking and Speaking in a Second Language
Yi, W., & Wei, L. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009075053 · Cited by 12
Individual Differences in the Ability to Resolve Translation Ambiguity across Languages
Michael, E. B., Tokowick, N., Degani, T., & Smith, C. J. (2011) · Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics · Cited by 12
Self-citationCorrective feedback and working memory capacity
Goo, J. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.3.13goo · Cited by 12
Methodological implications of working memory tasks for L2 processing research
Leeser, M. J., & Sunderman, G. L. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.3.05lee · Cited by 11
A Disruption in the Balance of Attentional Systems Plays a Role in Trait Anxiety
Minnick, M. R., Pérez-Edgar, K. E., & Soto, J. A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100761 · Cited by 9
Exploring predictors of translation performance
Ghobadi, M., Khosroshahi, S., & Giveh, F. (2021) · The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research · doi:10.12807/ti.113202.2021.a04 · Cited by 8
Understanding the nature of bilingual aphasia: Diagnosis, assessment and rehabilitation
Kiran, S., & Gray, T. (2018) · Studies in Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.54.17kir · Cited by 7
Cross-linguistic influence in L3 acquisition
Castle, C. M., Skałba, A., & Westergaard, M. R. (2025) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.24022.cas · Cited by 9
Li, H., & MacWhinney, B. (2011) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728910000507 · Cited by 7
Cognitive and linguistic predictors of bilingual single-word translation
Chen, P., Hayakawa, S. L., & Marian, V. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-020-00061-6 · Cited by 7
Hoshino, N., Beatty‐Martínez, A. L., Navarro‐Torres, C. A., & Kroll, J. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.668381 · Cited by 7
Self-citationJackson, J., & Schwieter, J. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333603.031 · Cited by 6
Shin, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382668 · Cited by 7
Bhide, A., Ortega-Llebaría, M., Fraundorf, S. H., & Perfetti, C. A. (2020) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716419000511 · Cited by 5
The Neuroscience of Bilingualism: Cross-Linguistic Influences and Cognitive Effects
Coderre, E. L. (2015) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_4 · Cited by 6
Baseline capacities and motivation in executive control training of healthy older adults
Maraver, M. J., Gómez‐Ariza, C. J., Borella, E., & Bajo, M. T. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1858755 · Cited by 6
Lexical Access in L2 Speech Production: a controlled serial search task
Vieira, G. V. (2017) · Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language Literatures in English and Cultural Studies · doi:10.5007/2175-8026.2017v70n3p245 · Cited by 5
What can errors tell us about differences between monolingual and bilingual vocabulary learning?
Kaushanskaya, M. (2016) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2016.1170760 · Cited by 5
Syntactic position constrains cross-linguistic activation
Marull, C. (2015) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.5.2.01mar · Cited by 4
The Semantic Role of Gender: Grammatical and Biological Gender Match Effects in English and Spanish
Degani, T. (2007) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 4
The effects of language immersion on the bilingual lexicon
Mok, P., & Yu, A. C. L. (2016) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.15029.mok · Cited by 4
Saha, S., Koley, M., Ghosh, A., Mondal, R., Arya, J. S., & Choubey, G. (2021) · International Journal of High Dilution Research · doi:10.51910/ijhdr.v12i43.633 · Cited by 4
Testing effects for novel word learning in Chinese–English bilinguals
Tse, C., & Pu, X. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035279.011 · Cited by 4
The influence of a first language: training nonnative listeners on voicing contrasts
Tuninetti, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2018) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2017.1421318 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTseng, A., Doppelt, M. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2018) · Journal of Second Language Studies · doi:10.1075/jsls.17018.tse · Cited by 3
Self-citationBalass, M. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 3
EFFECTS OF WITHIN- AND CROSS-LANGUAGE SEMANTIC AMBIGUITY ON LEARNING AND PROCESSING
Eddington, C. M. (2016) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 3
Corrective feedback and working memory capacity: A replication
Goo, J. (2016) · Cited by 3
The critical roles of errors and individual differences in bilingual translation
Tokowicz, N. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891800069x · Cited by 3
Self-citationBilingualism in Action: Theory and Practice
Filipović, L. (2019) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 3
Bidirectional Transfer: Consequences of Translation Ambiguity for Bilingual Word Meaning.
Degani, T. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 3
Foryś‐Nogala, M. (2021) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0340-1 · Cited by 3
Coderre, E. L. (2012) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 3
Zou, Z., & Chen, B. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924000993 · Cited by 2
Tokowicz, N., Rice, C. A., & Ekves, Z. D. (2022) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/02676583221090069 · Cited by 2
Self-citationQuantitative approaches in L2 research abroad
Zalbidea, J., & Issa, B. I. (2023) · Research methods in applied linguistics · doi:10.1075/rmal.4.02zal · Cited by 2
Olsen, M. K. (2013) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
The effect of animacy on object pronoun distinctions in L2 Spanish
Olsen, M. K., & Juffs, A. (2020) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.19024.ols · Cited by 2
Filipović, L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602235.006 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- TOKOWICZ, N., MICHAEL, E. B., & KROLL, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Bilingualism Language and Cognition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-11-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-272
- ISSN
- 1366-7289 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1841
- OpenAlex
- W2118021841
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bilingualism Language and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Keywords
- study abroad experience, working memory capacity, translation errors, nonresponse error, speech production models, bilingual translation, second language acquisition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
