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High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Epidemiological studies suggest that green leafy vegetables, which are high in dietary nitrate, are protective against CVD such as stroke. High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for stroke and inorganic nitrate has been shown to reduce BP. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that diets containing high-nitrate (HN) vegetables would increase plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduce BP in healthy women. Design: A randomized, crossover trial, where participants received HN vegetables (HN diet) or avoided HN vegetables (Control diet) for 1 week. Before and after each intervention, resting BP and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured. Setting: University of Exeter, UK. Subjects: Nineteen healthy women (mean age 20 (sd 2) years; mean BMI 22·5 (sd 3·8) kg/m 2). Results: The HN diet significantly increased plasma nitrate concentration (before HN diet: mean 24·4 (sd 5·6) µmol/l; after HN diet: mean 61·0 (sd 44·1) µmol/l,P<0·05) and plasma nitrite concentration (before HN diet: mean 98 (sd 91) nmol/l; after HN diet: mean 185 (sd 34) nmol/l,P<0·05). No significant change in plasma nitrate or nitrite concentration was observed after the Control diet. The HN diet significantly reduced resting systolic BP (before HN diet: mean 107 (sd 9) mmHg; after HN diet: mean 103 (sd 6) mmHg,P<0·05). No significant change in systolic BP was observed after the Control diet (before Control diet: mean 106 (sd 8) mmHg; after Control diet: mean 106 (sd 8) mmHg). Conclusions: Consumption of HN vegetables significantly increased plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduced BP in normotensive women.
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TL;DR
In a randomized crossover trial in 19 healthy premenopausal women, one week of high-nitrate vegetables increased plasma nitrate and nitrite and lowered systolic BP by about 4 mmHg. The control diet avoiding high-nitrate vegetables did not change these measures.
Key findings
- The high-nitrate (HN) diet increased plasma nitrate from 24.4 (SD 5.6) to 61.0 (SD 44.1) µmol/l (P < 0.05) and plasma nitrite from 98 (SD 91) to 185 nmol/l (P < 0.05; abstract reports SD 34, results section reports SD 146); the Control diet produced no significant changes.
- The HN diet reduced resting systolic BP from 107 (SD 9) to 103 (SD 6) mmHg (P < 0.05), while Control systolic BP was unchanged (106 (SD 8) to 106 (SD 8) mmHg). Diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure were not significantly affected.
- Estimated nitrate intake was 339 (SD 133) mg/d on the HN diet vs 8 (SD 6) mg/d on the Control diet (P < 0.001); total polyphenols, K, Ca and Mg intakes were also significantly higher on the HN diet.
- Baseline systolic BP correlated with the change in systolic BP after the HN diet (r = −0.74, P < 0.001); estimated nitrate intake did not correlate with systolic BP change (r = 0.002, P = 0.99).
Methods
- Randomized crossover trial: 30 healthy, non-smoking, premenopausal women were enrolled; 10 were excluded or withdrew, and one additional participant was excluded because baseline plasma nitrite was >3 SD outside the group mean, leaving 19 analyzed (mean age 20 (SD 2) years; mean BMI 22.5 (SD 3.8) kg/m²).
- Participants received HN vegetables or avoided HN vegetables for 1 week, with a 3-week wash-out between conditions; BP was measured with an automated sphygmomanometer, plasma nitrate and nitrite by modified chemiluminescence, and diet by 7-day food diary with nutritional analysis.
- Paired-sample t tests, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with least significant difference follow-up, and Pearson correlations were used; significance was accepted at P < 0.05.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: food diaries did not assess total macro- and micronutrient intake from all foods; nitrate intake was estimated from self-reported vegetable consumption and indirect vegetable nitrate content; the acute effect may have been measured because vegetables were eaten 2–3 h before final testing; a placebo effect was possible; menstrual-cycle variability and a fixed wash-out were concerns; one participant was excluded after being >3 SD from the mean, leaving statistical power of 64% vs the predicted 80%.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n 19), the intervention was short (1 week), and participants were healthy, normotensive, young women, limiting generalizability; nitrate content of the consumed vegetables was not directly measured.
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30 Own method · 28 Not checked yet · 23 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“A recent systematic review found the pooled effect for inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation to be a significant reduction of SBP of ~4-5 mmHg (6) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says dietary nitrate may contribute to vasodilation and lower blood pressure. But this paper does not report a pooled analysis of inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation, or a significant 4–5 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure; the cited quantitative finding is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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In the paper
“The HN diet significantly reduced resting systolic BP (before HN diet: mean 107 (SD 9) mmHg; after HN diet: mean 103 (SD 6) mmHg, P < 0•05).”
- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
“Follow-up tests revealed that SBP was significantly reduced after the HN diet (P = 0•008; Fig. 4).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The main finding of the present study was that consumption of approximately two portions of a variety of HN vegetables daily over 7 d reduced SBP (by ~4 mmHg) in healthy, normotensive young women.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Abstract
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
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In the paper
“There was no correlation between estimated nitrate intake and change in SBP (r = 0•002, P = 0•99).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Blood pressure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No significant change in systolic BP was observed after the Control diet (before Control diet: mean 106 (SD 8) mmHg; after Control diet: mean 106 (SD 8) mmHg).”
- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
“There was no significant change in SBP after the Control diet (P = 0•94; Fig. 5)”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Abstract
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HN diet significantly increased plasma nitrate concentration (before HN diet: mean 24•4 (SD 5•6) µmol/l; after HN diet: mean 61•0 (SD 44•1) µmol/l, P < 0•05)”
- Also stated in: § Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
“Follow-up tests revealed that the HN diet significantly increased plasma nitrate (P = 0•002)”
- Also stated in: § Effects of whole high-nitrate vegetables on plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
“Plasma nitrate concentration increased by ~250 % and plasma nitrite concentration increased by ~190 % after 1 week of supplementation with HN vegetables, while no significant changes were seen after the Control diet.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Abstract
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DBP and MAP were not significantly affected by the HN diet”
- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
“there were no significant main or interaction effects on DBP or MAP (Table 4).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Discussion
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant correlation between baseline SBP and change in SBP following the HN diet (r = -0•74, P < 0•001; Fig. 6).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Blood pressure
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mean nitrate intake on the HN diet was approximately 340 mg/d (5•5 mg nitrate/kg body mass per d), calculated using available data in the diet diaries (Table 1).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary nitrate intake during high-nitrate and control diets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Plasma nitrite concentration was higher after 7 d on the HN diet (mean 185 (SD 146) nmol/l) than after the Control diet (mean 101 (SD 76) nmol/l; P = 0•048).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“DBP and MAP were not significantly affected by the HN diet”
- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
“there were no significant main or interaction effects on DBP or MAP (Table 4).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Discussion
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Blood pressure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant change in plasma nitrate or nitrite concentration was observed after the Control diet.”
- Also stated in: § Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
“whereas the Control diet had no significant effect (P = 0•23; Fig. 3).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Abstract
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant change in plasma nitrate or nitrite concentration was observed after the Control diet.”
- Also stated in: § Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
“whereas the Control diet had no significant effect (P = 0•52; Fig. 2).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Abstract
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nutritional analysis of the fruit and vegetables eaten suggested that participants consumed significantly more nitrate, total polyphenols, protein, fat, K, Ca and Mg during the HN diet Table 3), whereas total energy and carbohydrate intakes were similar on both diets.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
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In the paper
“Follow-up tests revealed that plasma nitrite concentration increased after the HN diet (P = 0•027)”
- Also stated in: § Effects of whole high-nitrate vegetables on plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
“Plasma nitrate concentration increased by ~250 % and plasma nitrite concentration increased by ~190 % after 1 week of supplementation with HN vegetables, while no significant changes were seen after the Control diet.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations
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- Also stated in: § Effects of whole high-nitrate vegetables on plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Plasma nitrate concentration was higher after 7 d on the HN diet (mean 61•0 (SD 44•1) µmol/l) than after the Control diet (mean 26•0 (SD 9•8) µmol/l).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations
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In the paper
“Our results also suggest that K, Ca and Mg intakes from fruit and HN vegetables were higher than when on the control diet.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The significant correlation between baseline SBP and change in SBP following the HN diet”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our 7 d supplementation study is novel in that we used fresh, whole HN vegetables readily available in the UK and found a reduction of SBP of ~4 mmHg.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
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“There was no significant change in body mass throughout the study”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
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In the paper
“The estimated total polyphenol intake of participants was significantly higher on the HN diet than on the Control diet”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
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In the paper
“However, the five participants who did not eat HN vegetables before the final test also experienced reductions in BP.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
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In the paper
“the P value for the primary outcome variable (SBP) was clearly significant (P = 0•008)”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
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In the paper
“Supplementing the diets of healthy, normotensive, premenopausal women with HN vegetables for 7 d resulted in a significant reduction in SBP.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
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In the paper
“These findings are important as they suggest that consumption of HN vegetables, as part of the '5 A Day' message, may promote cardiovascular health.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Discussion
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In the paper
“It has been suggested that the success of the DASH diet could be partly due to the increased nitrate intake from HN green leafy vegetables and salads (16)”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, both our 7 d study and the 10 d study by Sobko et al. (20) suggest that diets containing HN vegetables may be an effective, acceptable way to reduce BP.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results of our 7 d study, the 10 d study described above (20) and a 15 d study by Vanhatalo et al. (34) suggest that HN vegetables do not induce tolerance, which is a potential advantage over the therapeutic use of organic nitrates (26) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present results suggest that dietary nitrate from HN vegetables may facilitate BP reduction.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
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In the paper
“This is in agreement with previous findings which indicate that it is comparatively easy to consume amounts of nitrate in excess of the ADI of 3•7 mg nitrate/kg body mass by eating a normal diet.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary nitrate intake during high-nitrate and control diets
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A study by Berry et al. (30) showed no change in BP following a dietary intervention of increased fruit and vegetable intake.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary nitrate intake during high-nitrate and control diets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is consistent with previous findings from the DASH (35) diet, which found that participants with higher BP experienced greater reductions following dietary intervention.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“suggests that people with higher SBP may benefit more from eating HN vegetables.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and our study would appear to support this hypothesis.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
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In the paper
“Therefore, although our study suggests that consumption of HN vegetables is important in BP regulation”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Kapil et al. (7) observed a change in SBP (~4 mmHg) in women 3 h after consuming potassium nitrate.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“suggesting that green leafy vegetables contain more polyphenols.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“People with hypertension may obtain even greater reductions in BP through dietary intervention (35) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present findings suggest that nitrate-rich vegetables represent a promising intervention to improve cardiovascular health in women and warrant further investigation.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The principal results of the study would not be altered if this participant had not been excluded.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that consumption of HN vegetables over 7 d reduces BP in normotensive women.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, consumption of HN vegetables as part of the '5 A Day' may be an effective strategy to reduce population-wide BP and hypertension.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“our findings are consistent with previous studies showing significant elevations in plasma nitrite concentration and reductions in BP following nitrate ingestion (7,29) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“premenopausal women have significantly lower BP than men of comparable age (33) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 44
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants on the HN diet consumed a mean raw weight of 180 (SD 75) g of HN vegetables and salad daily, equivalent to approximately two 80 g portions.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Baseline SBP and DBP were in line with current mean UK population levels in 16-24-year-old women of 110 mmHg and 66 mmHg, respectively (33) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas our study resulted in a significant reduction in SBP but not DBP.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The laboratory technician who carried out the analysis of plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations was blinded to the test conditions.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant was subsequently excluded from the final analysis on the basis that her baseline plasma nitrite concentration lay >3 SD outside the group mean (Fig. 1).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Participants
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants were provided with a written information sheet about the study and all provided written informed consent prior to being enrolled in the study.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each participant was tested at approximately the same time of day to avoid diurnal variation.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Blood pressure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, there was no significant difference between Control and HN diets in duration of exercise undertaken (Control diet: mean 4•0 (SD 2•6) h/week; HN diet: mean 4•2 (SD 2•6) h/week).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Food diaries suggested good compliance.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data analysis was performed on the remaining nineteen participants”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Participants
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six participants consumed small portions of HN vegetables during the Control diet and five participants did not consume HN vegetables 2-3 h prior to the laboratory visit.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten participants were excluded or withdrew after enrolment due to personal reasons, time constraints or illness unrelated to the study, or difficulties in obtaining vascular access.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Participants
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 3-week wash-out was selected in order to synchronize dietary interventions with participants' menstrual cycles.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study design
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Direct measurement of nitrate content of the vegetables consumed was beyond the scope of the study.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six participants consumed small portions of HN vegetables during the Control diet and five participants did not consume HN vegetables 2-3 h prior to the laboratory visit.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study had a randomized, crossover design (Fig. 1).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were randomized using a sealed envelope technique to receive a box of HN vegetables (HN diet) for 1 week or were given written instructions to avoid HN vegetables for 1 week (Control diet)”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No participant withdrew after allocation, such that the analysis was carried out on an intention-to-treat basis (Fig. 1).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Statistical analysis
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures were approved by the local institutional Ethics Committee.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant difference in body mass of participants from baseline (mean 62•7 (SD 10•3) kg) to the end of the study period (mean 62•4 (SD 10•4) kg).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > High-nitrate and control diets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were not informed of the study hypothesis until the end of the study.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to detect a significant reduction in SBP with α level of 5 % and statistical power of 80 %, it was estimated that a sample size of twenty participants was necessary.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Statistical analysis
hedgedn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, our finding of no significant change of BP after the Control diet is consistent with the findings of the study by Berry et al. (30) , which demonstrated that fruit and low-nitrate vegetables do not induce BP-lowering effects.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary nitrate intake during high-nitrate and control diets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both our study and that by Sobko et al. (20) suggest that supplementation of diets with whole HN vegetables significantly affects both plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of whole high-nitrate vegetables on plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to control for this as much as possible, vegetables were obtained from one supplier (Riverford Organic Farms Ltd, Buckfastleigh, UK) and the trial was completed in a 4-month period.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty healthy, adult women were enrolled and assessed for eligibility.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has been proposed that polyphenols may increase generation of nitric oxide in the gastrointestinal tract and protect nitric oxide from oxidation (16) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The DASH diet provides more K, Mg, Ca, fibre and less total and saturated fat than a control diet (35) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sobko et al. (20) reported a significant reduction in DBP of ~5 mmHg after 10 d but no change in SBP”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that the consumption of whole HN vegetables may be as effective in reducing SBP in women.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The study by Sobko et al. (20) used a different methodology, with an older population (mean age 36 (SD 10) years), Japanese HN foods (such as seaweed), and included both men and women.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of eating two daily portions of HN vegetables, which can add bulk to the diet, on normal dietary intake was not assessed.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“but it is not widely advised in the UK (36) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, most of the study populations have consisted of healthy, young men and may not be representative of the whole population (6) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Hord et al. (16) calculated that the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet could provide more than 1200 mg nitrate/d (equivalent to ~17 mg nitrate/kg body mass per d), from eight to ten portions of fruit and vegetables, including two portions of green leafy vegetables.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary nitrate intake during high-nitrate and control diets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The DASH diet has been endorsed as an effective treatment for high BP in the USA (21)”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, Cochrane reviews of the effectiveness of K, Mg and Ca supplements concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support their use as hypotensive agents (37)(38)(39) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (37)(38)(39)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, there are many other nutrients or biologically active compounds, such as polyphenols, found in both fruit and vegetables, which may have physiological effects (41) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Food diaries were used to analyse consumption of vegetables and fruit on both diets, but they were not analysed for total intakes of macro-and micronutrients from all foods eaten.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sobko et al. (20) estimated that a traditional Japanese diet, including vegetables, mushrooms and seaweed, could provide five times the ADI, as it could theoretically contain 18•8 mg nitrate/kg body mass per d (1109 mg nitrate/d).”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Dietary nitrate intake during high-nitrate and control diets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, there is a lack of evidence to promote the use of antioxidant supplements, which have been associated with increased mortality (40) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Effects of high-nitrate vegetables on blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that overall energy intake was not significantly affected.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“He and MacGregor (42) estimated that reducing BP by 5 mmHg could result in a reduction in stroke death in the UK by 23 %, which could equate to 13 700 deaths prevented per year.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not only would this BP reduction save lives and prevent significant disabilities, it would also represent a major cost saving to health services.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study design relied on recruitment of participants having a 28 d menstrual cycle, with testing timetabled such that the participants would be at the same stage of their cycle for both the HN and Control diets.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stroke costs the National Health Service £3 billion per year, with a wider economic cost of £8 billion per year (43) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A potential limitation in dietary control was that nitrate intake was estimated based on self-reported vegetable consumption and indirect estimation of nitrate content of vegetables, which may vary according to factors such as crop variety, season and light conditions.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The possibility of a 'placebo effect' should be considered because participants were given HN vegetables to consume in the experimental arm but asked to maintain their normal diet during the control arm.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BP is known to vary during the menstrual cycle (8) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, participants were blind to the purpose of the study, i.e. they were not informed that the vegetables they were given were high in inorganic nitrate or that this might influence BP.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It could be argued, however, that the acute effect was measured as participants were requested to eat vegetables on the final day 2-3 h before testing.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This simple intervention could be incorporated into current health advice to eat at least '5 A Day', which could result in a population-wide reduction of BP, reduce morbidity and mortality from stroke, and reduce costs for health-care services.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
hedgedconditionaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this meant that the statistical power of the present data (64 %) was somewhat lower than that predicted (80 %) in the sample size calculation based on a previous study (n 20) (29) .”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, one of the participants allocated to the HN group was excluded following analyses of primary outcome variables based on the criterion that a measurement lay >3 SD beyond the group mean.”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Study limitations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There have been no published studies investigating the physiological effects of increasing dietary nitrate intake in women using fresh, green leafy vegetables readily available in the UK.
“There have been no published studies investigating the physiological effects of increasing dietary nitrate intake in women using fresh, green leafy vegetables readily available in the UK.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Specific nutrients or polyphenols in fruit and vegetables responsible for their health-promoting effects have not been identified.
“However, specific nutrients or polyphenols in fruit and vegetables responsible for their health-promoting effects have not been identified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 7-day food diaries accurately estimated participants' dietary intake.
“Participants were requested to provide an estimated record of their intake during both HN and Control diets using a 7 d food diary and to describe portions as household measures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The specific constituent(s) of the DASH diet which contribute to its success are unknown.
“The specific constituent(s) of the DASH diet which contribute to its success is/are unknown.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“vegetable diets containing high nitrate levels increase the plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite [77], which are the physiological substrates for NO production.”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [77]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
“| Energy (kJ) | 331 | 230 | 343 | | 13 | 0•79 |”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Conclusions
“| Energy (kJ) | 351 | 227 | 357 | | 137 | 0•89 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Abstract
“after HN diet: mean 185 (SD 34) nmol/l”
§ High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women > Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations
“mean 185 (SD 146) nmol/l”
Citations
Cites
A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Vogt, T. M., Cutler, J. A., Windhauser, M. M., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704173361601 · Cited by 5,981
Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials
Whelton, S. P., Chin, A., Xin, X., & He, J. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-7-200204020-00006 · Cited by 1,970
McGuire, S. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.012211 · Cited by 1,900
Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation
Cosby, K., Partovi, K. S., Crawford, J. H., Patel, R. P., Reiter, C. D., Martyr, S., Yang, B. K., Waclawiw, M. A., Zalos, G., Xu, X., et al. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm954 · Cited by 1,807
Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods
Neveu, V., Pérez‐Jiménez, J., Vos, F., Crespy, V., Chaffaut, L. D., Mennen, L. I., Knox, C., Eisner, R., Cruz, J., Wishart, D. S., et al. (2010) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/bap024 · Cited by 1,442
The Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Joshipura, K. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Speizer, F. E., Colditz, G., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., et al. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010 · Cited by 1,396
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease
Hung, H.-C., Joshipura, K. J., Jiang, R., Hu, F. B., Hunter, D., Smith-Warner, S. A., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., & Willett, W. C. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh296 · Cited by 1,327
Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies
He, F. J., Nowson, C. A., & MacGregor, G. A. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68069-0 · Cited by 1,108
Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: The physiologic context for potential health benefits
Hord, N. G., Tang, Y., & Bryan, N. S. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131 · Cited by 1,069
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., & Gluud, C. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007176.pub2 · Cited by 924
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 2010, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
- 2008, Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission to perform a scientific risk assessment on nitrate in vegetables, EFSA J, 689, 1
- 2002, McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods, Sixth Summary Edition
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nitrates/Nitrites in Food—Risk for Nitrosative Stress and Benefits
Karwowska, M., & Kononiuk, A. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9030241 · Cited by 360
Dietary nitrate and nitrite: Benefits, risks, and evolving perceptions
Bedale, W. A., Sindelar, J. J., & Milkowski, A. L. (2016) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.009 · Cited by 300
Kapil, V., Khambata, R. S., Jones, D. A., Rathod, K., Primus, C., Massimo, G., Fukuto, J. M., & Ahluwalia, A. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.120.019240 · Cited by 248
Bian, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, T., Grundy, S., Yang, Q., & Cheng, R. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9060732 · Cited by 177
Jones, A. M., Vanhatalo, A., Seals, D. R., Rossman, M. J., Piknova, B., & Jonvik, K. L. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002470 · Cited by 156
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ashworth, A., Mitchell, K., Blackwell, J. R., Vanhatalo, A., & Jones, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Andrew M
- Venue
- Public Health Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-02-16
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2669-2678
- ISSN
- 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2727
- PMC
- PMC10271341
- OpenAlex
- W2111751631
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f4d924fba82df096394ecca5e822a7868979ffc
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 9.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, leafy vegetables, plasma nitrate, plasma nitrite, blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, healthy women, stroke risk, cardiovascular disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Nitrates, Nitrites, Reference Values, Vegetables, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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