Unpacking developmental programming: a conceptual and historical analysis in the context of DOHaD

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Potential consequences of DP include cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, diabetes, neurodevelopmental disorders, endocrine disruption, reproductive issues, and mental health conditions.

“The potential consequences include cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, diabetes, neurodevelopmental disorders, endocrine disruption, reproductive issues, and mental health conditions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This review identified four defining attributes central to DP: epigenetics, ontogeny, critical or sensitive periods, and plasticity.

“This review identified four defining attributes that emerged as central to DP: (1) epigenetics, (2) ontogeny, (3) critical or sensitive periods, and (4) plasticity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Antecedents for DP may include maternal and infant nutrition, maternal disease and medication, lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and stress.

“Antecedents for DP may include maternal and infant nutrition, maternal disease and medication, lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and stress.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

No definitions for DP were located, nor was there any prior published concept analysis; one concept analysis on biological embedding was located.

“No definitions for DP were located, nor was there any prior published concept analysis.One concept analysis on biological embedding was located.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After removing duplicates, 245 articles were screened by titles and abstracts; 127 full-text articles were further screened, resulting in 95 included in this review.

“After removing the six duplicates, 245 articles were screened by titles and abstracts.Of these, 127 full-text articles were further screened, resulting in 95 included in this review.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 95 included articles are representative of the DP literature.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This review revealed an expansive body of literature on DP, including numerous recent publications.

“This review revealed an expansive body of literature on DP, including numerous recent publications.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

No universally accepted definition of DP was found.

“However, no universally accepted definition was found.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Much of the epigenetic research in humans remains correlational in nature.

“Furthermore, much of the epigenetic research in humans remains correlational in nature.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A standard definition is lacking for the term developmental programming, and other terms that have similar meanings are used interchangeably.

“However, a standard definition is lacking for this term, and other terms that have similar meanings are used interchangeably.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The DOHaD concept has evolved to consider other environmental chemical exposures such as pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals.

“Although most research has focused on EDCs, the DOHaD concept has evolved to consider other environmental chemical exposures such as pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The concept of developmental programming has evolved, with varying terms utilized, sometimes interchangeably, to describe the same phenomenon.

“The concept of DP has evolved, with varying terms utilized, sometimes interchangeably, to describe the same phenomenon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The consequences of these exposures are in developmental programming that predispose the fetus to adverse health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and mental health challenges.

“The consequences of these exposures are in developmental programming that predispose the fetus to adverse health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and mental health challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Individuals are more vulnerable to the effects of the antecedents during specific sensitive periods of development.

“Individuals are more vulnerable to the effects of the antecedents during specific sensitive periods of development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Developmental programming is intricately linked with the developmental origins of health and disease.

“It is intricately linked with the developmental origins of health and disease.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Developmental programming is mediated by attributes such as epigenetics, ontogeny, and plasticity.

“Developmental programming is mediated by attributes such as epigenetics, ontogeny, and plasticity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Currently, various terms describe similar phenomena, primarily influenced by disciplinary perspectives.

“Currently, various terms describe similar phenomena, primarily influenced by disciplinary perspectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The term developmental programming has evolved over the last eighty years.

“The term developmental programming has evolved over the last eighty years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The proposed conceptual definition of developmental programming is empirically grounded in the attributes, antecedents, and consequences identified through this analysis.

“The following proposed conceptual definition of DP is empirically grounded in the attributes, antecedents, and consequences identified through this analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The antecedents of developmental programming include maternal nutrition, disease and medication, lifestyle, environmental toxins, and stress.

“The antecedents of developmental programming include maternal nutrition, disease and medication, lifestyle, environmental toxins, and stress.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some epigenetic changes can be transmitted intergenerationally to grandchildren.

“Some epigenetic changes can be transmitted intergenerationally to grandchildren.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The current evidence from human studies provides minimal clinical utility as it is primarily associative.

“The current evidence from human studies provides minimal clinical utility as it is primarily associative.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The DOHaD paradigm posits that early environmental factors may influence a child's development and long-term health outcomes.

“The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm posits that early environmental factors may influence a child's development and long-term health outcomes.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged

  “The DOHaD framework adopts a lifecourse perspective, proposing that environmental and lifestyle exposures during critical developmental periods (e.g., in utero, the first 1000 days after conception, and adolescence) may influence long-term health trajectories.”

• cites [1]Not matched

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• cites [2]Not matched

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• cites [3]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Among individuals with high genetic risk, higher infant mortality rates were associated with a significantly greater risk of ischemic heart disease; where infant mortality rates were lower, genetic risk was not statistically significant.

“Among individuals with high genetic risk, higher infant mortality rates were associated with a significantly greater risk of ischemic heart disease.Conversely, where infant mortality rates were lower, genetic risk was not statistically significant.”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Barker's team concluded that poor social conditions leading to health-damaging lifestyle choices could not be the sole explanation linking infant mortality and heart disease.

“They concluded that poor social conditions leading to health-damaging lifestyle choices could not be the sole explanation linking infant mortality and heart disease.”

• cites [10]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Baker et al. incorporated polygenic risk scores for ischemic heart disease and demonstrated effect-modification by early-life environment.

“Additionally, Baker et al. 20 incorporated polygenic risk scores for ischemic heart disease and demonstrated effect-modification by early-life environment.”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Specific early life exposures during critical periods of development are associated with changes to physiological and metabolic pathways, potentially predisposing individuals to disease.

“Developmental programming (DP) is central to this paradigm, whereby specific early life exposures during critical periods of development are associated with changes to physiological and metabolic pathways, potentially predisposing individuals to disease.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Developmental programming (DP) is central to the DOHaD paradigm and is a proposed biological mechanism underlying the DOHaD approach.

“Central to this paradigm is the concept of developmental programming (DP), a proposed biological mechanism underlying the DOHaD approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A common language and understanding of DP can improve the interdisciplinary advancement of DOHaD research to inform practice and education.

“A common language and understanding of DP can improve the interdisciplinary advancement of DOHaD research to inform practice and education.”

May combine two claims.

These findings provide empirical evidence that adverse early-life environments may amplify genetic susceptibility, while more favorable early-life conditions may attenuate the expression of genetic risk.

“These findings provide empirical evidence that adverse early-life environments may amplify genetic susceptibility, while more favorable early-life conditions may attenuate the expression of genetic risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Barker hypothesized that prenatal and early postnatal environmental factors, such as nutritional deficiencies, could permanently alter physiology and metabolism through DP, predisposing individuals to CHD and stroke later in life.

“The authors hypothesized that prenatal and early postnatal environmental factors, such as nutritional deficiencies, could permanently alter physiology and metabolism through DP, predisposing individuals to CHD and stroke later in life.10”

• cites [10]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

PCOS in mothers has been associated with the development of PCOS in their infants as well as metabolic disorders or reproductive issues.

“PCOS in mothers has been associated with the development of PCOS in their infants as well as metabolic disorders or reproductive issues.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Programming describes the physiological and biological mechanisms by which lasting changes to an organism's structure, function, and metabolism occur due to exposures during specific periods.

“Programming describes the physiological and biological mechanisms by which lasting changes to an organism's structure, function, and metabolism occur due to exposures during specific periods.9,21”

• cites [9]Not matched

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• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The analysis also draws on Rodgers' evolutionary perspective, which acknowledges that concepts are dynamic and context-dependent and evolve over time and across disciplinary boundaries.

“Recognizing the limitations of a linear approach, this analysis also draws on Rodgers' 31 evolutionary perspective, which acknowledges that concepts are dynamic and context-dependent and evolve over time and across disciplinary boundaries.”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Plasticity is essential in defining DP because it is a key mechanism linking early life experiences and developmental outcomes.

“Thus, plasticity is essential in defining DP because it is a key mechanism linking early life experiences and developmental outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

A concept analysis to distinguish between biological programming and biological embedding identified that biological programming is less frequently used and has a high degree of variation in how it is interpreted and applied.

“A concept analysis to distinguish between biological programming and biological embedding identified that the former is less frequently used and has a high degree of variation in how it is interpreted and applied.27”

• cites [27]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Any definition of DP must emphasize that the consequences are not limited to the exposed individual but may extend to multiple subsequent generations.

“As such, any definition of DP must emphasize that the consequences are not limited to the exposed individual but may extend to multiple subsequent generations.”

May combine two claims.

Evidence from human studies remains limited and does not currently support stable programming of the intestinal microbiota during the first 1000 days of life.

“Evidence from human studies remains limited and does not currently support stable programming of the intestinal microbiota during the first 1000 days of life.3”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Critical periods are fundamental to DP as they are periods where an organism is more vulnerable to environmental influences that can have long-term implications for health and disease.

“Critical periods are fundamental to DP as they are periods where an organism is more vulnerable to environmental influences that can have long-term implications for health and disease.”

May combine two claims.

Babies born to mothers with pre-pregnancy obesity (high BMI) were observed to be large for gestational age and at elevated risk of developing obesity and metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes, as adults.

“Babies born to mothers with pre-pregnancy obesity, indicated by a high body mass index (BMI), were observed to be large for gestational age and at elevated risk of developing obesity and metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes, as adults.11,23,34”

• cites [11]Not matched

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• cites [23]Not matched

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• cites [34]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

It has been argued that the preferable term is sensitive periods, as this confers a degree of reversibility of detrimental programming or possible future benefit from a positive environmental influence.

“However, it has been argued that the preferable term is”

• cites [51]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ability of the body's organs and systems to adapt to environmental conditions extends beyond the neonatal period, throughout life, and is referred to as plasticity.

“Despite the focus on the first 1000 days as a critical period of vulnerability, the ability of the body's organs and systems to adapt to environmental conditions extends beyond the neonatal period, throughout life, and is referred to as plasticity.9”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Searches were limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English with full text available.

“Searches were limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English with full text available.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Waterland and Garza suggested metabolic imprinting was a more appropriate term to refer to the specific relationship between early nutritional exposures and the onset of disease later in life.

“Toward the end of the decade (1999), Waterland and Garza 7 suggested metabolic imprinting was a more appropriate term to refer to the specific relationship between early nutritional exposures and the onset of disease later in life.”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is significant overlap between biological programming and biological embedding, and they are often used interchangeably.

“However, there is significant overlap between the two terms, and they are often used interchangeably.27,28”

• cites [27]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.

A systematic search of MEDLINE (EBSCOhost) was performed using the exact phrase developmental programming.

“A systematic search of MEDLINE(EBSCOhost) was performed using the exact phrase”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The exact phrase developmental programming in MEDLINE and Google Scholar captures the relevant literature on DP.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

DOHaD is the overarching paradigm, of which programming is a tenet.

“DOHaD is the overarching paradigm, of which programming is a tenet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nutrition is a key antecedent to DP.

“Nutrition is a key antecedent to DP, given that in 2022, the World Health Organization reported that 29.6% of the global population (or 2.4 billion people) did not have adequate access to food to meet nutritional requirements.57”

• cites [57]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2014, Hanson and Gluckman expressed a preference for priming, induction, or conditioning, believing these terms were less deterministic than programming.

“In 2014, Hanson and Gluckman expressed a preference for priming, induction, or conditioning, believing these terms were less deterministic than programming.8”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Biological embedding has a more consistently used definition and is more commonly used in sociology, psychology, and developmental medicine.

“Biological embedding has a more consistently used definition and is more commonly used in sociology, psychology, and developmental medicine.27”

• cites [27]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Studies by Barker et al. and subsequently, those in cohorts exposed to famine, demonstrated that maternal malnutrition may predispose the offspring to develop cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes, and mental health issues.

“The studies by Barker et al. and subsequently, those in cohorts exposed to famine, demonstrated that maternal malnutrition may predispose the offspring to develop cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes, and mental health issues.[9][10][11]44”

• cites [9]Not matched

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• cites [10]Not matched

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• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Preeclampsia affects about 2%-8% of pregnancies and is associated with premature births, intrauterine growth restriction, and increased risk of hypertension and stroke for offspring in adulthood.

“Further, preeclampsia affects about 2%-8% of pregnancies and is associated with premature births, intrauterine growth restriction, and increased risk of hypertension and stroke for offspring in adulthood.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Epigenetics is a multimodal molecular mechanism of DP, which can act as an intermediary between environmental influences and phenotypic expression.

“Therefore, epigenetics is a multimodal molecular mechanism of DP, which can act as an intermediary between environmental influences and phenotypic expression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the heritable transmission of environmentally induced phenotypes through alteration of the epigenome of fetal germ cells.

“Contrary to the vertical transmission from mother to fetus, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the heritable transmission of environmentally induced phenotypes 45 through alteration of the epigenome of fetal germ cells.21”

• cites [45]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The concept of DP was analyzed by synthesizing findings from this review according to the eight-step method proposed by Walker and Avant.

“The concept of DP was analyzed by synthesizing the findings from this review according to the eight-step method proposed by Walker and Avant: 30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Due to an organism's plastic, malleable nature, it can rebound to a degree from the insult of prematurity.

“Due to an organism's plastic, malleable nature, it can rebound to a degree from the insult of prematurity.”

May combine two claims.

In utero exposure to substances such as smoking, alcohol, and legal and illicit drugs may be detrimental to fetal health, potentially altering growth and development and predisposing the fetus to future disease.

“Exposures to these substances in utero may be detrimental to the health of a fetus, potentially altering growth and development and predisposing the fetus to future disease development.9”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In humans, endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been associated with various adult disorders including type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, male infertility, reproductive dysfunction, and metabolic disorders, with epigenetic changes believed to contribute to these outcomes.

“In humans, EDCs have been associated with various adult disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, male infertility, reproductive dysfunction, and metabolic disorders, with epigenetic changes believed to contribute to these outcomes.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Project Ice Storm found that a stressful life event experienced in pregnancy can negatively impact cognitive and language development at age two, mainly when exposure occurred in the first two trimesters, with the most significant effects experienced with second-trimester exposure and moderate-to-high stress.

“The authors found that a stressful life event experienced in pregnancy can negatively impact cognitive and language development at age two, mainly when exposure occurred in the first two trimesters, with the most significant effects experienced with second-trimester exposure and moderate-to-high stress.59”

• cites [59]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The empirical referents contribute to the ability to apply developmental programming in research and practice.

“The empirical referents contribute to the ability to apply DP in research and practice.”

May combine two claims.

While rates of exposure to known teratogens declined over the study period, exposure to potentially teratogenic drugs increased.

“While rates of exposure to known teratogens declined over the study period, exposure to potentially teratogenic drugs increased.61”

• cites [61]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A family history of metabolic or other disease traits may be linked to common exposures to toxins, stress, or diet.

“Additionally, a family history of metabolic or other disease traits may be linked to common exposures to toxins, stress, or diet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There has been significant growth in DOHaD research over the past two decades, particularly observational studies using animal models and longitudinal human cohorts.

“There has been significant growth in DOHaD research over the past two decades, particularly observational studies using animal models and longitudinal human cohorts.9,53,80”

• cites [9]Not matched

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• cites [53]Not matched

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• cites [80]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Given the challenges in measuring the subjective experience of stress, it remains unclear what factors might tip the balance to predispose an individual to altered health outcomes.

“However, given the challenges in measuring the subjective experience of stress, it remains unclear what factors might tip the balance to predispose an individual to altered health outcomes.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Stress and adversity are subjective experiences, with individual perceptions and responses based on unique experiences and circumstances.

May combine two claims.

Toxic stress from experiences of systemic racism and oppression is associated with disease development and heritable epigenetic changes.

“More recent research has focused on how toxic stress from experiences of systemic racism and oppression is associated with disease development and heritable epigenetic changes.33”

• cites [33]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Preserved methylation changes across generations might indicate that transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has occurred.

“Preserved methylation changes across generations might indicate that transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has occurred.”

May combine two claims.

Physical activity reduces perceived stress, which is another antecedent of developmental programming.

“Physical activity has the added advantage of reducing perceived stress, 66 another antecedent of DP.”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Similar effects to maternal stress have been reported in survivors of the Holocaust and natural disasters.

“Similar effects have been reported in survivors of the holocaust and natural disasters.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The DOHaD paradigm provides a theoretical basis for healthcare research, education, and practice pertaining to precipitating factors of adult-onset noncommunicable disease.

“The DOHaD paradigm provides a theoretical basis for healthcare research, education, and practice pertaining to precipitating factors of adult-onset noncommunicable disease.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The recent application of statistical algorithms to estimate deviations in biological age from chronological age, presumed to reflect underlying cellular and molecular processes, represents an example of differential development, potentially in response to environmental influences.

“The recent application of statistical algorithms to estimate deviations in biological age from chronological age, presumed to reflect underlying cellular and molecular processes, represents an example of differential development, potentially in response to environmental influences.”

May combine two claims.

Experiencing the stress of losing a loved one during pregnancy has been shown to impact the offspring's immune function and can predispose one to develop obesity or mental health issues.

“Experiencing the stress of losing a loved one during pregnancy has been shown to impact the offspring's immune function and can predispose one to develop obesity or mental health issues.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Numerous potential confounders complicate efforts to isolate the antecedents and attributes of developmental programming as influencing the consequences.

“However, it should be noted that numerous potential confounders complicate efforts to isolate the antecedents and attributes of the concept as influencing the consequences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Epigenetic changes can be observed by examining changes in DNA methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing or nanopore technologies.

“In a research context, epigenetic changes can be observed by examining changes in DNA methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing or nanopore technologies.78”

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Rodents subjected to perinatal stress produced offspring with higher adipose tissue levels, impaired glycemic control, low birth weight, reduced glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus, and impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback regulation.

“Rodents subjected to perinatal stress produced offspring with higher adipose tissue levels, impaired glycemic control, low birth weight, reduced glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus, and impaired hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis feedback regulation.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of obesity in offspring during childhood and the risk of hypertension in adulthood.

“Additionally, maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of obesity in offspring during childhood and the risk of hypertension in adulthood.62”

• cites [62]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In animals with induced diabetes, their offspring had normal glucose metabolism at birth, but as adults, they developed diabetes during periods of metabolic stress, such as pregnancy.

“In animals with induced diabetes, their offspring had normal glucose metabolism at birth.However, as adults, they developed diabetes during periods of metabolic stress, such as pregnancy.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Developmental milestones in infancy and childhood can be evaluated using several validated screening tools that assess psychosocial, cognitive, psychomotor, language, visual, and auditory development.

“Developmental milestones in infancy and childhood can be evaluated using several validated screening tools that assess psychosocial, cognitive, psychomotor, language, visual, and auditory development.79”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Healthcare providers expressed that time constraints prioritized other pregnancy concerns and led to a reactive rather than proactive approach to care.

“Healthcare providers expressed that time constraints prioritized other pregnancy concerns and led to a reactive rather than proactive approach to care.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Targeted interventions for modifiable risk factors may mitigate adverse long-term health outcomes, particularly during sensitive periods.

“Targeted interventions for modifiable risk factors may mitigate adverse long-term health outcomes, particularly during sensitive periods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Healthcare providers recognized that the benefits exceeded their concerns.

“They recognized that the benefits exceeded their concerns.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Common terminology used across disciplines to describe developmental programming can aid the collaborative advancement of DOHaD science.

“Common terminology used across disciplines to describe DP can aid the collaborative advancement of DOHaD science.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The participants believed counseling should be empowering, supportive, and patient-centered.

“The participants believed counseling should be empowering, supportive, and patient-centered.”

• cites [82]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One of the most significant challenges to conducting DOHaD research in human populations is the numerous possible confounding variables in the social and physical environment that are difficult to control.

“One of the most significant challenges to conducting this research in human populations is the numerous possible confounding variables in the social and physical environment that are difficult to control.84”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some healthcare providers worried about causing stress or anxiety in patients by scaring them or making them feel guilty that their actions could cause harm to their baby or grandchildren over the long term, mainly if they were not able to change the contributing factor.

“Some healthcare providers worried about causing stress or anxiety in patients by scaring them or making them feel guilty that their actions could cause harm to their baby or grandchildren over the long term, mainly if they were not able to change the contributing factor (e.g., obesity).”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The translation of knowledge about developmental programming within a DOHaD framework needs improvement to bridge the gaps between theory and practice.

“However, the translation of knowledge about DP within a DOHaD framework needs improvement to bridge the gaps between theory and practice.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many individual choices are constrained or influenced by the social determinants of health, which include income, social status, social support networks, education, employment and working conditions, social and physical environments, personal health practices and coping skills, early childhood development, biology and genetic endowment, health services, gender, and culture.

“In addition, many individual choices are constrained or influenced by the social determinants of health, which include income, social status, social support networks, education, employment and working conditions, social and physical environments, personal health practices and coping skills, early childhood development, biology and genetic endowment, health services, gender, and culture.83”

• cites [83]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While epigenetic changes may be long-lasting, individuals may also exhibit a degree of biological plasticity, allowing for partial reversibility, attenuation, or adaptive modification in response to subsequent environmental conditions or interventions across the life course.

“individuals may also exhibit a degree of biological plasticity, allowing for partial reversibility, attenuation, or adaptive modification in response to subsequent environmental conditions or interventions across the life course.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The authors suggested that better collaboration between researchers and practitioners can help bridge existing theory-to-practice gaps.

“The authors suggested that better collaboration between researchers and practitioners can help bridge existing theory-to-practice gaps.82”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Healthcare providers identified a need for guidelines on approaching conversations with patients.

“However, they identified a need for guidelines on approaching conversations with patients.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This conceptual definition of developmental programming provides an evidence-based explanation of how early-life exposures may contribute to long-term health trajectories.

“This conceptual definition of DP provides an evidence-based explanation of how early-life exposures may contribute to longterm health trajectories.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Epigenetics is one of the most extensively characterized molecular processes underlying developmental programming alterations.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A population health approach may be more practical, as it may circumvent some identified barriers in targeting individuals.

“A population health approach may be more practical, as it may circumvent some identified barriers in targeting individuals.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Social determinants of health are intricately linked with the antecedents to developmental programming: nutrition, stress, disease, lifestyle, and environment.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Healthcare providers felt that providing this information to parents could motivate changes in their health-seeking behaviors.

“At the same time, healthcare providers felt that providing this information to parents could motivate changes in their health-seeking behaviors.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In some contexts, the effects of developmental programming may extend to subsequent generations through inherited epigenetic modifications.

“In some contexts, the effects of DP may extend to subsequent generations through inherited epigenetic modifications.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Healthcare providers considered developmental programming a problematic concept for patients to understand, particularly regarding long-term implications.

“The authors found that healthcare providers considered DP a problematic concept for patients to understand, particularly regarding long-term implications.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.