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Optical Nanosensors for Chemical Analysis inside Single Living Cells. 1. Fabrication, Characterization, and Methods for Intracellular Delivery of PEBBLE Sensors
Abstract
Spherical optical nanosensors, or PEBBLEs (probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding), have been produced in sizes including 20 and 200 nm in diameter. These sensors are fabricated in a microemulsion and consist of fluorescent indicators entrapped in a polyacrylamide matrix. A generalized polymerization method has been developed that permits production of sensors containing any hydrophilic dye or combination of dyes in the matrix. The PEBBLE matrix protects the fluorescent dye from interference by proteins, allowing reliable in vivo calibrations of dyes. Sensor response times are less than 1 ms. Cell viability assays indicate that the PEBBLEs are biocompatible, with negligible biological effects compared to control conditions. Several sensor delivery methods have been studied, including liposomal delivery, gene gun bombardment, and picoinjection into single living cells.
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Cited by
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Ferrari, M. (2005) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1566 · Cited by 4,558
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Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., & Murray, J. C. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2747rev · Cited by 2,029
Physical approaches to biomaterial design
Mitragotri, S., & Lahann, J. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2344 · Cited by 1,445
Levy, L., Sahoo, Y., Kim, K.-S., Bergey, E. J., & Prasad, P. N. (2002) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm0203013 · Cited by 320
Hidalgo, G., Burns, A., Herz, E., Hay, A. G., Houston, P. L., Wiesner, U., & Lion, L. W. (2009) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01220-09 · Cited by 127
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, H. A., Hoyer, M., Philbert, M. A., & Kopelman, R.
- Venue
- Analytical Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1999-10-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 4831-4836
- ISSN
- 0003-2700 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6882
- OpenAlex
- W2009271486
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Optical Nanosensors for Chemical Analysis inside Single Living Cells. 1. Fabrication, Characterization, and Methods for Intracellular Delivery of PEBBLE Sensors. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/ac990629o
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- Clark, H. A., Hoyer, M., Philbert, M. A., & Kopelman, R. (1999). Optical Nanosensors for Chemical Analysis inside Single Living Cells. 1. Fabrication, Characterization, and Methods for Intracellular Delivery of PEBBLE Sensors. Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac990629o
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