An Overview of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Market Conditions, Raw Materials, Reactors, Scale-Up, Process Intensification, Mechanisms, and Outlook

Apolinar-Hernández, Jesús Efraín; Bertoli, Sávio Leandro; Riella, Humberto Gracher; Soares, Cíntia; Padoin, Natan

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02287

Cited by 46Catalysts for Methane ReformingThermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesMining and Gasification Technologies

An Overview of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Market Conditions, Raw Materials, Reactors, Scale-Up, Process Intensification, Mechanisms, and Outlook

Apolinar-Hernández, Jesús Efraín, Bertoli, Sávio Leandro, Riella, Humberto Gracher, Soares, Cíntia, Padoin, Natan·2024·Energy & Fuels

DOI 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02287

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Abstract

The Fischer–Tropsch technology has allowed, since its emergence a century ago, the production of stable liquid fuels from different raw materials in different geographic scenarios that do not necessarily have oil reserves. Some of these raw materials can generate high-quality fuels with a lower content of sulfur, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds. The scaling and intensification of the reactors are essential factors in this context, and important challenges such as energy transfer due to the highly exothermic reaction, hydrodynamics due to limited information on pilot-scale in a reasonable range of conditions, or reducing CH 4 selectivity while maintaining high conversion through catalyst design, must be considered. This perspective provides an overview of recent developments in industrial-scale low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch reactors, with a focus on the significance of microchannel reactors in the scale-up process. The advancement in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is discussed, with an emphasis on the carbide and CO insertion mechanisms, as well as the socio-political-economic factors that continue to impact the development of this technology.

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Fischer-Tropsch synthesis converts syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO, often derived from CO2 via reverse water-gas shift) into liquid hydrocarbons using metal catalysts, typically iron or cobalt, at elevated temperatures (e.g., 200-350°C) and pressures (e.g., 10-30 atm).
“For instance, the F-T synthesis converts syngas (a mixture of H 2 and CO, often derived from CO 2 via the reverse water-gas shift reaction) into liquid hydrocarbons using metal catalysts, typically iron (Fe) or cobalt (Co), at elevated temperatures (e.g., 200-350 • C) and pressures (e.g., 10-30 atm) [282][283][284].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [284]
Fe- and Co-based catalysts are favored for Fischer-Tropsch procedures given their established activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness.
“Fe-and Co-based catalysts are favored for these procedures given their established activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness [282,284].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [284]

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Authors: Apolinar-Hernández, J. E., Bertoli, S. L., Riella, H. G., Soares, C., & Padoin, N.
Affiliations: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
Universidade Regional de Blumenau (BR)
Corresponding author: Soares, Cíntia
Padoin, Natan
ORCID: Apolinar-Hernández, Jesús Efraín
Bertoli, Sávio Leandro
Riella, Humberto Gracher
Soares, Cíntia
Padoin, Natan
Venue: Energy & Fuels
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2023-12-18
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-28
ISSN: 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
1520-5029
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02287
OpenAlex: W4389869983
Cited by: 46
References: 300
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 10
FWCI: 2.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-045 (stm-asf)
Locations: Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion)
Funders: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (312247/2022-2, 102072/2022-1, 313202/2021-4)
Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis
Topics: Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Mining and Gasification Technologies
Keywords: liquid fuels, microreactors, reactor scale-up, process intensification, methane selectivity, catalyst design, hydrodynamics, raw materials, market conditions

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An Overview of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Market Conditions, Raw Materials, Reactors, Scale-Up, Process Intensification, Mechanisms, and Outlook

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