Occurrence and Tissue Distribution of Novel Perfluoroether Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids and Legacy Per/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Black-Spotted Frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus)
Abstract
Research on perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) continues to grow. However, very little is known about these substances in amphibians. Here we report for the first time on the occurrence, tissue distribution, and bioaccumulation of two novel PFASs, chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), in the black-spotted frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) from China. Frogs from cities with large-scale fluorochemical industries had significantly greater liver ∑PFAS levels (mean 54.28 ng/g in Changshu; 31.22 ng/g in Huantai) than those from cities without similar industry (9.91 ng/g in Zhoushan; 7.68 ng/g in Quzhou). Females had significantly lower liver PFAS levels than males, and older frogs tended to have lower PFAS levels than younger frogs. Skin, liver, and muscle contributed nearly 80% to the whole body burden of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in males, whereas the female ovary alone accounted for 58.4%. These results suggest substantial maternal transfer of 6:2 Cl-PFESA to eggs, raising concern regarding its developmental toxicity on frogs and other species. The bioaccumulation factor results (6:2 Cl-PFESA > PFOS; HFPO-TA > PFOA) suggest a stronger accumulative potential in the black-spotted frog for these alternative substances compared to their predecessors. Future studies on their toxicity and ecology risk are warranted.
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Various extraction methods such as SLE, LLE, IPE, alkaline digestion and acetonitrile protein precipitation have been investigated for clean-up of multiple coexisting matrices.
“Various extraction methods such as SLE, LLE, IPE, alkaline digestion and acetonitrile protein precipitation have been investigated for clean-up of multiple coexisting matrices [79,80,85,87].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
In addition to original PFAS, novel PFAS have been detected in biological samples in accordance with the phasing out of original PFAS and a shift toward manufacturing alternatives.
“In addition to original PFAS, novel PFAS have been detected in biological samples in accordance with the phasing out of original PFAS and a shift toward manufacturing alternatives [18,78,80,82,83].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
HFPO-TA was found in liver samples (n=4) from only one site (Huantai) in the range 6.51-27.30 ng/g ww.
“HFPO-TA was found in samples (n ¼ 4) from only one site (Huantai) in the range of 6.51e27.30ng/g ww.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Novel PFAS 6:2 Cl-PFESA and HFPO-TA were detected in various tissues from black spotted frogs collected in a rice paddy field near a large-scale fluorochemical production site in China.
“Novel PFAS (6:2 Cl-PFESA and HFPO-TA) were detected in various tissues from black spotted frogs collected in a rice paddy field near a large-scale fluorochemical production site in China [80].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Liver samples (n=56) collected from all sampling sites contained 6:2 Cl-PFESA in the range 0.13-119 ng/g wet weight.
“Liver samples (n ¼ 56) collected from all sampling sites contained 6:2 Cl-PFESA in the range of 0.13e119 ng/g wet weight (ww)”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Cui, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Sheng, N., Wang, J., Guo, Y., & Dai, J.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Dai, Jiayin
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-01-23
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 982-990
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2783637410
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21377128, 21421002, 31320103915)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB14040202)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, amphibians, tissue distribution, bioaccumulation, maternal transfer, sex differences, age differences, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, environmental contamination
- MeSH terms
- Animals, China, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Ranidae, Sulfonic Acids, Tissue Distribution
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