Worldwide Distribution of Novel Perfluoroether Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids in Surface Water

Pan, Yitao; Zhang, Hongxia; Cui, Qianqian; Sheng, Nan; Yeung, Leo W. Y.; Sun, Yan; Guo, Yong; Dai, Jiayin

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00829

Cited by 679Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchFluorine in Organic ChemistryToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Worldwide Distribution of Novel Perfluoroether Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids in Surface Water

Pan, Yitao, Zhang, Hongxia, Cui, Qianqian, Sheng, Nan, Yeung, Leo W. Y., Sun, Yan, Guo, Yong, Dai, Jiayin·2018·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/acs.est.8b00829

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Abstract

Driven by increasingly stringent restrictions on long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), novel fluorinated compounds have emerged on the market. Here we report on the occurrences of several perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic and sulfonic acids (PFECAs and PFESAs), including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer and trimer acids (HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA), ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3 H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA), chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), and its hydrogen-substituted analogue (6:2 H-PFESA) in surface waters from China ( n = 106), the United States ( n = 12), the United Kingdom ( n = 6), Sweden ( n = 10), Germany ( n = 14), The Netherlands ( n = 6), and Korea ( n = 6). Results showed that HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (median = 0.95, 0.21, and 0.31 ng/L, respectively) were frequently detected in all countries, indicating ubiquitous dispersal and distribution in global surface waters. The presence of 6:2 H-PFESA was widely detected in China (detection rate > 95%) but not in any other country. Only trace levels of ADONA (0.013-1.5 ng/L) were detected in the Rhine River flowing through Germany. The estimated total riverine mass discharges of HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and ΣPFESAs reached 2.6, 6.0, and 4.3 ton/year in five of the major river systems in China. Our results indicated that novel PFECAs and PFESAs might become global contaminants, and future investigations are warranted.

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Pan et al. quantified ADONA in surface water samples from major Chinese river systems, with concentrations ranging from <0.01 to 1.5 ng/L and a low detection frequency (9%).
“Pan et al. [38] quantified ADONA in surface water samples from major Chinese river systems. Reported concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 1.5 ng/L, with a low detection frequency (9%).”
From Integrated Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflow for Identifying PFAS of Concern in Urban-Impacted Serbian Rivers (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
For PFAS identified and semi-quantified through SSA, method quantification limits were estimated based on the lowest PFAS concentration in river waters, producing a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 10.
“For PFAS identified and semi-quantified through SSA, method quantification limits were estimated based on the lowest PFAS concentration in river waters, producing a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 10 (Table S8) [38].”
From Integrated Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflow for Identifying PFAS of Concern in Urban-Impacted Serbian Rivers (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
Pan et al. found that various PFAS compounds were consistently detected across surface water samples from South Korea, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China, and the United States, highlighting their global presence in surface waters.
“Pan et al. [132] conducted a study examining the concentrations of PFCA and PFSA in 160 surface water samples collected from countries such as South Korea, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China, and the United States. The results indicated that various PFAS compounds were consistently detected across these regions, highlighting their global presence in surface waters.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [132]
As a PFOA alternative, HFPO-TA has been widely reported in surface water from China and other countries.
“As a PFOA alternative, HFPO-TA has been widely reported in surface water from China and other countries”
From Molecular characteristics of emerging perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters around fluorine-related industries in a Chinese Megacity (2025) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
6:2H-PFESA is a transformation product of 6:2Cl-PFESA and has been detected in river water and wastewater.
“This compound was a transformation product of 6:2Cl-PFESA (Lin et al., 2017) and had been detected in river water (Lin et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2018) and wastewater (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Molecular characteristics of emerging perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters around fluorine-related industries in a Chinese Megacity (2025) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018

ADONA and GenX have been detected in surface waters in China, Europe, and North America.
“As replacement compounds for PFOA, ADONA and GenX have been detected in surface waters in China, Europe, and North America [96].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
ADONA and GenX have been more closely associated with industrial sources.
“In contrast, both ADONA and GenX have been more closely associated with industrial sources [11,96] and are detected in nearly all bank-filtered samples, but in less than 15% of the groundwater samples.”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
Similar structures have been reported in numerous locations worldwide, indicating that emerging PFAS are every bit as ubiquitous as their PFOA/PFOS antecedents.
“Similar structures have been reported in numerous locations worldwide, indicating that emerging PFAS are every bit as ubiquitous as their PFOA/PFOS antecedents.(64,65)”
From Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Cape Fear River by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontargeted Screening (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
Other sulfonated fluoroether species have begun to be detected by other groups, but they exhibit different structural elements and likely have different origins that need to be examined independently.
“Other sulfonated fluoroether species have begun to be detected by other groups, but they exhibit different structural elements and likely have different origins that need to be examined independently.(64,72)”
From Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Cape Fear River by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontargeted Screening (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
High PFOS and PFOA concentrations were detected in Huangpu River, Yangtze River estuary, Pearl River Delta, and rivers near industrial cities in several regions of China.
“In contrast, other studies have shown that high PFOS and PFOA concentrations were detected in Huangpu River, Yangtze River estuary, and Pearl River Delta located in China’s southern and eastern regions, and in rivers near industrial cities in several regions of China (So et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2009; Pan et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
The occurrence of novel PFAS such as PFBS, PFECA, and PFESA has been reported in surface water and groundwater in China, the USA, the UK, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, and Korea.
“The occurrence of novel PFAS such as PFBS, PFECA, and PFESA has also been reported in surface water and groundwater in China, the USA, the UK, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, and Korea (Bräunig et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2018; Marchiandi et al., 2021).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
The significant variation in the worldwide distribution of novel PFAS is mainly because legacy PFAS were phased out long ago in North America and Europe, whereas developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still using legacy PFAS to some extent.
“This is mainly because legacy PFAS were phased out long ago in North America and Europe, whereas the developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still using legacy PFAS to some extent (Pan et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
Legacy PFAS were phased out long ago in North America and Europe, whereas the developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still using legacy PFAS to some extent.
“This is mainly because legacy PFAS were phased out long ago in North America and Europe, whereas the developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still using legacy PFAS to some extent (Pan et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
The worldwide distribution of PFESAs and PFECAs in surface water was investigated using 160 samples collected between September and December 2016.
“The worldwide distribution of PFESAs and PFECAs in surface water was investigated using 160 samples collected between September and December 2016.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
6:2 H-PFESA was only detected in China with a high detection rate (>95%).
“The hydrogen-substituted analogue of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 H-PFESA) was only detected in China with a high detection rate (>95%) [54].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were widely detected in all countries including China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and South Korea, with median values of 0.95, 0.21 and 0.31 ng/L, respectively.
“Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were widely detected in all countries including China (n ¼ 106), the United States (n ¼ 12), the United Kingdom (n ¼ 6), Sweden (n ¼ 10), Germany (n ¼ 14), the Netherlands (n ¼ 6) and South Korea (n ¼ 6), with median values of 0.95, 0.21 and 0.31 ng/L, respectively.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
Recent PFAS studies have revealed that numerous PFAS are continuously used and discharged into the global environment.
“Recent PFAS studies have revealed that numerous PFAS are continuously used and discharged into the global environment [10,54,90].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]

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Target, Nontarget, and Suspect Screening and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea
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Nontargeted identification and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a fluorochemical industrial zone and adjacent Taihu Lake
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Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China
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Perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water of China in 2017: Distribution characteristics, influencing factors and potential risks
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Occurrences and fates of per- and polyfluoralkyl substances in textile dyeing wastewater along full-scale treatment processes
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External and Internal Human Exposure to PFOA and HFPOs around a Mega Fluorochemical Industrial Park, China: Differences and Implications
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Removal of F–53B as PFOS alternative in chrome plating wastewater by UV/Sulfite reduction
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Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in US Ambient Surface Waters: A Review of Occurrence in Aquatic Environments and Comparison to Global Concentrations
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Elevated concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Baiyangdian Lake (China): Source characterization and exposure assessment
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Developmental toxicity of the novel PFOS alternative OBS in developing zebrafish: An emphasis on cilia disruption
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Chronic exposure to 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate acid (F-53B) induced hepatotoxic effects in adult zebrafish and disrupted the PPAR signaling pathway in their offspring
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Temporal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances partitioning between surface water, suspended sediment, and biota in a macrotidal estuary.
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Occurrence, source apportionment, plant bioaccumulation and human exposure of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil and plant leaves near a landfill in China
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Legacy and Emerging Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Finless Porpoises from East China Sea: Temporal Trends and Tissue-Specific Accumulation
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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor and Indoor Dust from Mainland China: Contributions of Unknown Precursors and Implications for Human Exposure
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Exposure to GenX and Its Novel Analogs Disrupts Hepatic Bile Acid Metabolism in Male Mice
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Serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and abnormal lipid metabolism: A nationally representative cross-sectional study
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Spatial distribution and mass transport of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in surface water: A statewide evaluation of PFAS occurrence and fate in Alabama
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Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of a novel polyfluoroalkyl benzenesulfonate in crucian carp
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First report on the sources, vertical distribution and human health risks of legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater from the Loess Plateau, China
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Temporal Trends of Legacy and Emerging PFASs from 2011 to 2021 in Agricultural Soils of Eastern China: Impacts of the Stockholm Convention
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Bioconcentration and Tissue Distribution of Shorter and Longer Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Effects of Perfluorinated Carbon Chain Length and Zebrafish Protein Content
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PFAS Analysis with Ultrahigh Resolution 21T FT-ICR MS: Suspect and Nontargeted Screening with Unrivaled Mass Resolving Power and Accuracy
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Spatial and Temporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Global Ocean and Coastal Waters
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Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects
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Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters of Shanghai, China: source analysis and risk assessment
Sun, R., Wu, M., Tang, L., Li, J., Qian, Z., Han, T., & Xu, G. (2018) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.012 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River/Estuary Systems
Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., & Ebinghaus, R. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01648 · Cited by 360 · see citing works

Authors: Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Cui, Q., Sheng, N., Yeung, L. W. Y., Sun, Y., Guo, Y., & Dai, J.
Affiliations: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Örebro University (SE)
Corresponding author: Dai, Jiayin
ORCID: Pan, Yitao
Zhang, Hongxia
Cui, Qianqian
Sheng, Nan
Yeung, Leo W. Y.
Sun, Yan
Guo, Yong
Dai, Jiayin
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2018-05-11
Volume: 52
Issue: 14
Pages: 7621-7629
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00829
OpenAlex: W2801936321
Cited by: 679
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 97 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 6
FWCI: 23.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (21737004, 31320103915)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB14040202)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: HFPO-DA, surface water contamination, global distribution, Rhine River, China
MeSH terms: China, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Sulfonic Acids, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Republic of Korea

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Worldwide Distribution of Novel Perfluoroether Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids in Surface Water

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