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Recent Advancement of Coagulation–Flocculation and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
Increasing environmental awareness coupled with more stringent regulation standards has triggered various industries to challenge themselves in seeking appropriate wastewater treatment technologies. Coagulation–flocculation process is regarded as one of the most important and widely used treatment processes of industrial wastewaters due to its simplicity and effectiveness. This paper provides a critical review on recent studies of coagulation–flocculation treatment processes of various industrial wastewaters. The limitations and challenges for the coagulation–flocculation process such as the toxicity and health hazard posed by inorganic coagulants, production of large amount of toxic sludge, ineffectiveness in removing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, increase in effluent color, inefficient pollutant removal using natural coagulants, and complexity of scaling up procedure are presented. In addition, an overview on the influence of process parameters on treatment efficiency is included in this review. Finally, this review concludes with recommendations for improvements and new directions for this long-established process.
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“Some weaknesses are toxicity and health hazardousness of inorganic coagulants, a large volume of sludge, selective for some metals and inefficient in emerging contaminants, increasingly effluent color, inefficient when using natural coagulants, and complex of scaling up 92 .”
From Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review (2021) · cites this paper as [92]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Teh, C. Y., Budiman, P. M., Shak, K. P. Y., & Wu, T. Y.
- Affiliations
- Monash University Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Ta Yeong
- Venue
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-04-08
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 4363-4389
- ISSN
- 0888-5885 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5045
- OpenAlex
- W2333262005
- Cited by
- 1,160
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 92 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 21
- FWCI
- 43.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Monash University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Coagulation and Flocculation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water and Wastewater Treatment
- Keywords
- coagulation-flocculation, industrial wastewater treatment, inorganic coagulants, natural coagulants, heavy metal removal, emerging contaminants, toxic sludge, process parameters, scale-up
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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