Demystifying Multitask Deep Neural Networks for Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships
Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are complex computational models that have found great success in many artificial intelligence applications, such as computer vision1,2 and natural language processing.3,4 In the past four years, DNNs have also generated promising results for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) tasks.5,6 Previous work showed that DNNs can routinely make better predictions than traditional methods, such as random forests, on a diverse collection of QSAR data sets. It was also found that multitask DNN models-those trained on and predicting multiple QSAR properties simultaneously-outperform DNNs trained separately on the individual data sets in many, but not all, tasks. To date there has been no satisfactory explanation of why the QSAR of one task embedded in a multitask DNN can borrow information from other unrelated QSAR tasks. Thus, using multitask DNNs in a way that consistently provides a predictive advantage becomes a challenge. In this work, we explored why multitask DNNs make a difference in predictive performance. Our results show that during prediction a multitask DNN does borrow "signal" from molecules with similar structures in the training sets of the other tasks. However, whether this borrowing leads to better or worse predictive performance depends on whether the activities are correlated. On the basis of this, we have developed a strategy to use multitask DNNs that incorporate prior domain knowledge to select training sets with correlated activities, and we demonstrate its effectiveness on several examples.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Improvement from multi-task modeling relies on the training set for activities sharing similar compounds and features, and significant correlations between activities.
“It has been shown that improvement relies on the training set for the activities sharing similar compounds and features, and there being significant correlations between the activities.70”
From QSAR without borders (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
The effect of multi-task modeling on average is modest, with both improvements and degradations in prediction for individual activities.
“In practice, this effect can be quite modest, exhibiting both improvements and degradations in prediction for individual activities.”
From QSAR without borders (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14539 · Cited by 84,126 · see citing works
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
Haykin, S. (1998) · Cited by 30,070 · see citing works
Pan, S. J., & Yang, Q. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2009.191 · Cited by 23,387 · see citing works
Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition
LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J. S., Henderson, D., Howard, R. E., Hubbard, W., & Jackel, L. D. (1989) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1989.1.4.541 · Cited by 11,891 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Machine learning
(2007) · doi:10.1145/1273496 · Cited by 11,869 · see citing works
Hinton, G., Deng, L., Yu, D., Dahl, G., Mohamed, A.-R., Jaitly, N., Senior, A., Vanhoucke, V., Nguyen, P., Sainath, T., et al. (2012) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2012.2205597 · Cited by 10,260 · see citing works
Learning Deep Architectures for AI
Bengio, Y. (2009) · Foundations and Trends® in Machine Learning · doi:10.1561/2200000006 · Cited by 7,048 · see citing works
Natural Language Processing (almost) from ScratchPreprint
Collobert, R., Weston, J., Bottou, L., Karlen, M., Kavukcuoglu, K., & Kuksa, P. P. (2011) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1103.0398 · Cited by 6,882 · see citing works
Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks
Ripley, B. D. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812651 · Cited by 6,446 · see citing works
Weiss, K., Khoshgoftaar, T. M., & Wang, D. (2016) · Journal of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-016-0043-6 · Cited by 6,260 · see citing works
Shin, H.-C., Roth, H. R., Gao, M., Lu, L., Xu, Z., Nogues, I., Yao, J., Mollura, D., & Summers, R. M. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2016.2528162 · Cited by 5,759 · see citing works
A unified architecture for natural language processing: deep neural networks with multitask learning
Collobert, R., & Weston, J. (2008) · Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Machine learning - ICML '08 · doi:10.1145/1390156.1390177 · Cited by 5,058 · see citing works
Random Forest: A Classification and Regression Tool for Compound Classification and QSAR Modeling
Svetnik, V., Liaw, A. I., Tong, C., Culberson, J. C., Sheridan, R. P., & Feuston, B. P. (2003) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci034160g · Cited by 3,613 · see citing works
Self-citationAgatonović-Kuštrin, S., & Beresford, R. (2000) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00272-1 · Cited by 1,987 · see citing works
Boosting for transfer learning
Dai, W., Yang, Q., Xue, G.-R., & Yu, Y. H. (2007) · International Conference on Machine Learning · doi:10.1145/1273496.1273521 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
Bridle, J. S. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76153-9_28 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Deep Neural Nets as a Method for Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships
Ma, J., Sheridan, R. P., Liaw, A., Dahl, G. E., & Svetnik, V. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci500747n · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep Machine Learning - A New Frontier in Artificial Intelligence Research [Research Frontier]
Arel, I., Rose, D. C., & Karnowski, T. P. (2010) · IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine · doi:10.1109/mci.2010.938364 · Cited by 1,128 · see citing works
Atom pairs as molecular features in structure-activity studies: definition and applications
Carhart, R. E., Smith, D. H., & Venkataraghavan, R. (1985) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci00046a002 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Bayesian Regularization of Neural Networks
Burden, F. R., & Winkler, D. A. (2008) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-101-1_3 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Caruana, R. (1998) · Learning to Learn · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5529-2_5 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Massively Multitask Networks for Drug DiscoveryPreprint
Ramsundar, B., Kearnes, S. M., Riley, P., Webster, D. R., Konerding, D. E., & Pande, V. S. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.02072 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Time-Split Cross-Validation as a Method for Estimating the Goodness of Prospective Prediction.
Sheridan, R. P. (2013) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci400084k · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Self-citationSimilarity to Molecules in the Training Set Is a Good Discriminator for Prediction Accuracy in QSAR
Sheridan, R. P., Feuston, B. P., Maiorov, V. N., & Kearsley, S. K. (2004) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci049782w · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-class pattern classification using neural networks
Ou, G., & Murphey, Y. L. (2006) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2006.04.041 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Chemical Similarity Using Physiochemical Property Descriptors
Kearsley, S. K., Sallamack, S. J., Fluder, E. M., Andose, J. D., Mosley, R. T., & Sheridan, R. P. (1996) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci950274j · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationRobust QSAR Models Using Bayesian Regularized Neural Networks
Burden, F. R., & Winkler, D. A. (1999) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm980697n · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Multi-task Neural Networks for QSAR PredictionsPreprint
Dahl, G. E., Jaitly, N., & Salakhutdinov, R. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1406.1231 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Winkler, D. A., & Le, T. C. (2016) · Molecular Informatics · doi:10.1002/minf.201600118 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Neural Networks as Robust Tools in Drug Lead Discovery and Development
Winkler, D. A. (2004) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1385/mb:27:2:139 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Varnek, A., Gaudin, C., Marcou, G., Baskin, I., Pandey, A. K., & Tetko, I. V. (2009) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci8002914 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Tetko, I. V. (2002) · Neural Processing Letters · doi:10.1023/a:1019903710291 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
CUDAMat: a CUDA-based matrix class for Python
Mnih, V. (2009) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Transfer Learning with an Ensemble of Background Tasks
Rosenstein, M. T., Marx, Z., Dietterich, T. G., & Kaelbling, L. P. (2005) · neural information processing systems · Cited by 66 · see citing works
An Optimal Self‐Pruning Neural Network and Nonlinear Descriptor Selection in QSAR
Burden, F. R., & Winkler, D. A. (2009) · QSAR & Combinatorial Science · doi:10.1002/qsar.200810202 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
New QSAR Methods Applied to Structure−Activity Mapping and Combinatorial Chemistry
Burden, F. R., & Winkler, D. A. (1998) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci980070d · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neural Networks and Genome Informatics
Gaasterland, T. (2001) · Computers & Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0097-8485(01)00077-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Modeling Industrial ADMET Data with Multitask NetworksPreprint
Kearnes, S. M., Goldman, B., & Pande, V. S. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.08793 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Computational chemogenomics: Is it more than inductive transfer?
Brown, J. B., Okuno, Y., Marcou, G., Varnek, A. A., & Horvath, D. (2014) · Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design · doi:10.1007/s10822-014-9743-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sensor fusion for autonomous outdoor navigation using neural networks
Davis, I. L., & Stentz, A. (2002) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.1995.525906 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Concepts of Artificial Intelligence for Computer-Assisted Drug Discovery
Yang, X. Y., Wang, Y., Byrne, R., Schneider, G., & Yang, S. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00728 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Muratov, E. N., Bajorath, J., Sheridan, R. P., Tetko, I. V., Filimonov, D., Poroikov, V., Oprea, T. I., Baskin, I. I., Varnek, A., Roitberg, A., et al. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d0cs00098a · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies for Pre-training Graph Neural NetworksPreprint
Hu, W., Liu, B., Gomes, J., Žitnik, M., Liang, P., Pande, V. S., & Leskovec, J. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.12265 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Development and evaluation of a deep learning model for protein–ligand binding affinity prediction
Stepniewska-Dziubinska, M. M., Zielenkiewicz, P., & Siedlecki, P. S. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty374 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Advancing drug discovery via artificial intelligence
Chan, H. C. S., Shan, H., Dahoun, T., Vogel, H., & Yuan, S. (2019) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2019.06.004 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
A Critical Review of Machine Learning of Energy Materials
Chen, C., Zuo, Y., Ye, W., Li, X., Deng, Z., & Ong, S. P. (2020) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201903242 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Pérez, R., & Bajorath, J. (2019) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01101 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Ng, W., Minasny, B., Montazerolghaem, M., Padarian, J., Ferguson, R., Bailey, S., & McBratney, A. B. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.06.016 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Pyzer-Knapp, E. O., Pitera, J. W., Staar, P. W. J., Takeda, S., Laino, T., Sanders, D. P., Sexton, J., Smith, J. R., & Curioni, A. (2022) · npj Computational Materials · doi:10.1038/s41524-022-00765-z · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Vatansever, S., Schlessinger, A., Wacker, D., Kaniskan, H. Ü., Jin, J., Zhou, M., & Zhang, B. (2021) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21764 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Integrating QSAR modelling and deep learning in drug discovery: the emergence of deep QSAR
Tropsha, A., Isayev, O., Varnek, A. A., Schneider, G., & Cherkasov, A. R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-023-00832-0 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Drug Design
Heßler, G., & Baringhaus, K. H. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23102520 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Transfer Learning for Drug Discovery
Cai, C., Wang, S., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Tang, K., Ouyang, Q., Lai, L., & Pei, J. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02147 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural network and deep-learning algorithms used in QSAR studies: merits and drawbacks
Ghasemi, F., Mehridehnavi, A., Pérez-Garrido, A., & Pérez‐Sánchez, H. (2018) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.016 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Learning Molecular Representations for Medicinal Chemistry
Chuang, K. V., Gunsalus, L. M., & Keiser, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00385 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Wenzel, J., Matter, H., & Schmidt, F. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00785 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Madden, J. C., Enoch, S. J., Paini, A., & Cronin, M. (2020) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0261192920965977 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Ali, M., & Aittokallio, T. A. (2018) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-018-0446-z · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Improvement in ADMET Prediction with Multitask Deep Featurization
Feinberg, E. N., Joshi, E., Pande, V. S., & Cheng, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02187 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Chemi-Net: A Molecular Graph Convolutional Network for Accurate Drug Property Prediction
Liu, K., Sun, X., Jia, L., Ma, J., Xing, H., Wu, J., Gao, H., Sun, Y., Boulnois, F., & Fan, J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20143389 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancing preclinical drug discovery with artificial intelligence
Vijayan, R., Kihlberg, J. O., Cross, J. B., & Poongavanam, V. (2021) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.023 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Heyndrickx, W., Mervin, L., Morawietz, T., Sturm, N., Friedrich, L., Zalewski, A., Pentina, A., Humbeck, L., Oldenhof, M., Niwayama, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00799 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Hemmerich, J., & Ecker, G. F. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Molecular Science · doi:10.1002/wcms.1475 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in chemistry and drug design
Brown, N., Ertl, P., Lewis, R., Luksch, T., Reker, D., & Schneider, N. (2020) · Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design · doi:10.1007/s10822-020-00317-x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Molecular property prediction: recent trends in the era of artificial intelligence
Shen, J., & Nicolaou, C. A. (2019) · Drug Discovery Today Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.05.001 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A review on machine learning methods for in silico toxicity prediction
Idakwo, G., Luttrell, J., Chen, M., Hong, H., Zhou, Z., Gong, P., & Zhang, C. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C · doi:10.1080/10590501.2018.1537118 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Inductive transfer learning for molecular activity prediction: Next-Gen QSAR Models with MolPMoFiT
Li, X., & Fourches, D. (2020) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-020-00430-x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Buterez, D., Janet, J. P., Kiddle, S. J., Oglić, D., & Lió, P. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45566-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted approaches in drug screening
Singh, S., Gupta, H., Sharma, P., & Sahi, S. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.aichem.2023.100039 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Kim, H., Kim, E., Lee, I., Bae, B., Park, M., & Nam, H. (2020) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-020-0049-y · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Prediction of Human Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Using a Multitask Deep Autoencoder Neural Network
Li, X., Xu, Y., Lai, L., & Pei, J. (2018) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00110 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent applications of machine learning in medicinal chemistry
Panteleev, J., Gao, H., & Jia, L. (2018) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.046 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Opportunities and challenges using artificial intelligence in ADME/Tox
Bhhatarai, B., Walters, W. P., Hop, C. E. C. A., Lanza, G., & Ekins, S. (2019) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0332-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Jain, S., Siramshetty, V. B., Alves, V. M., Muratov, E. N., Kleinstreuer, N., Tropsha, A., Nicklaus, M. C., Simeonov, A. M., & Zakharov, A. V. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01164 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Critical assessment of AI in drug discovery
Walters, W. P., & Barzilay, R. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2021.1915982 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Comparative Study of Multitask Toxicity Modeling on a Broad Chemical Space
Sosnin, S., Karlov, D., Tetko, I. V., & Fedorov, M. V. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00685 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Previous studies 58 pointed out that the efficiency of multi-task modelling depends on correlations between targets.”
BackgroundMorrone, J. A., Weber, J. K., Huynh, T., Luo, H., & Cornell, W. D. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00927 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Repurposing
Wan, Z., Sun, X., Li, Y., Chu, T., Hao, X., Cao, Y., & Zhang, P. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202411325 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Deep Learning Approaches in Predicting ADMET Properties
Cáceres, E. L., Tudor, M., & Cheng, A. C. (2020) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc-2020-0259 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Li, X., Li, Z. S., Wu, X., Xiong, Z., Yang, T., Fu, Z., Liu, X., Tan, X., Zhong, F., Wan, X., et al. (2019) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00855 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Xu, X., Ma, F., Zhou, J., & Du, C. (2022) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2022.107171 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Qin, D., Jiao, L., Wang, R., Zhao, Y. C., Hao, Y., & Liang, G. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106591 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Recent Advances in In Silico Target Fishing
Galati, S., Stefano, M. D., Martinelli, E., Poli, G., & Tuccinardi, T. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26175124 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A Survey of Multi‐task Learning Methods in Chemoinformatics
Sosnin, S., Vashurina, M., Withnall, M., Karpov, P., Fedorov, M. V., & Tetko, I. V. (2018) · Molecular Informatics · doi:10.1002/minf.201800108 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Fang, C., Wang, Y., Grater, R., Kapadnis, S., Black, C., Trapa, P. E., & Sciabola, S. (2023) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00160 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Exploring Tunable Hyperparameters for Deep Neural Networks with Industrial ADME Data Sets
Zhou, Y., Cahya, S., Combs, S. A., Nicolaou, C. A., Wang, J., Desai, P. V., & Shen, J. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00671 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Zakharov, A. V., Zhao, T., Nguyễn, Ð.-T., Peryea, T., Sheils, T. K., Yasgar, A., Huang, R., Southall, N. T., & Simeonov, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00526 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The power of deep learning to ligand-based novel drug discovery
Baskin, I. I. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2020.1745183 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
De Novo Molecule Design by Translating from Reduced Graphs to SMILES
Pogány, P., Arad, N., Genway, S., & Pickett, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00626 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A fingerprints based molecular property prediction method using the BERT model
Wen, N., Liu, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, R., Fu, Y., & Han, X. (2022) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-022-00650-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Imputation of Assay Bioactivity Data Using Deep Learning
Whitehead, T. M., Irwin, B., Hunt, P. A., Segall, M., & Conduit, G. J. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00768 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Tripathi, N., Goshisht, M. K., Sahu, S. K., & Arora, C. (2021) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-021-10237-z · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Neural multi-task learning in drug design
Allenspach, S., Hiss, J. A., & Schneider, G. (2024) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00785-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Multitask Machine Learning for Classifying Highly and Weakly Potent Kinase Inhibitors
Rodríguez-Pérez, R., & Bajorath, J. (2019) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b00298 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Multiple Machine Learning Comparisons of HIV Cell-based and Reverse Transcriptase Data Sets
Zorn, K. M., Lane, T. R., Russo, D. P., Clark, A. M., Makarov, V., & Ekins, S. (2019) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01297 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
BRADSHAW: a system for automated molecular design
Green, D. V. S., Pickett, S. D., Luscombe, C. N., Senger, S., Marcus, D., Meslamani, J. E., Brett, D., Powell, A., & Masson, J. (2019) · Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design · doi:10.1007/s10822-019-00234-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Application of machine learning models for property prediction to targeted protein degraders
Peteani, G., Huynh, M. T. D., Gerebtzoff, G., & Rodríguez-Pérez, R. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49979-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Interpretation of ANN‐based QSAR models for prediction of antioxidant activity of flavonoids
Žuvela, P., David, J., & Wong, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.25168 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Convolutional neural network with near-infrared spectroscopy for plastic discrimination
Xia, J., Huang, Y., Li, Q., Xiong, Y., & Min, S. (2021) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01240-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ciallella, H. L., Russo, D. P., Aleksunes, L. M., Grimm, F. A., & Zhu, H. (2020) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/s41374-020-00477-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Practical Applications of Deep Learning To Impute Heterogeneous Drug Discovery Data
Irwin, B., Levell, J. R., Whitehead, T. M., Segall, M., & Conduit, G. J. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00443 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in the pharmaceutical sector: current scene and future prospect
Kalyane, D., Sanap, G., Paul, D., Shenoy, S., Anup, N., Polaka, S., Tambe, V., & Tekade, R. K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814455-8.00003-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Liu, R., Wang, H., Glover, K., Feasel, M. G., & Wallqvist, A. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00348 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
FP2VEC: a new molecular featurizer for learning molecular properties
Jeon, W., & Kim, D. (2019) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz307 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Industry-scale application and evaluation of deep learning for drug target prediction
Sturm, N., Mayr, A., Van, T. L., Chupakhin, V., Ceulemans, H., Wegner, J. K., Dzib, J. F. G., Jeliazkova, N., Vandriessche, Y., Böhm, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-020-00428-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Playe, B., & Stoven, V. (2020) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-020-0413-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nguyen-Vo, T., Trinh, Q. H., Nguyen, L. K., Nguyen-Hoang, P., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, D., Nguyen, B. P., & Le, L. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00628 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Machine Learning in Chemoinformatics and Medicinal Chemistry
Rodríguez-Pérez, R., Miljković, F. N., & Bajorath, J. (2022) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-122120-124216 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jung, W. J., Goo, S., Hwang, T., Lee, H., Kim, Y., Chae, J., Yun, H., & Jung, S. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17030382 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ambreen, S., Umar, M., Noor, A., Jain, H., & Ali, R. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117164 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Application of Deep Neural Network Models in Drug Discovery Programs
Grebner, C., Matter, H., Kofink, D., Wenzel, J., Schmidt, F., & Heßler, G. (2021) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.202100418 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Automated design and optimization of multitarget schizophrenia drug candidates by deep learning
Tan, X., Jiang, X., Yang, H., Zhong, F., Li, X., Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Liu, X., Chen, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112572 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sanyal, S., Balachandran, J., Yadati, N., Kumar, A., Rajagopalan, P., Sanyal, S., & Talukdar, P. P. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.05660 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cheminformatics and artificial intelligence for accelerating agrochemical discovery
Djoumbou-Feunang, Y., Wilmot, J. T., Kinney, J., Chanda, P., Yu, P., Sader, C. A., Sharifi, M., Smith, S., Ou, J., Hu, J. K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2023.1292027 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
In silico off-target profiling for enhanced drug safety assessment
Liu, J., Gui, Y., Rao, J., Sun, J., Wang, G., Ren, Q., Qu, N., Niu, B., Chen, Z., Sheng, X., et al. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Chemi-net: a graph convolutional network for accurate drug property predictionPreprint
Liu, K., Sun, X., Jia, L., Ma, J., Xing, H., Wu, J., Gao, H., Sun, Y., Boulnois, F., & Fan, J. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1803.06236 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of missing data on multitask prediction methods
de León, A. D. L. V., Chen, B., & Gillet, V. J. (2018) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-018-0281-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Prediction of hERG K+ channel blockage using deep neural networks
Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Fan, Y., Zhu, L., Yan, Y., Chen, X., Lu, T., Chen, Y., & Liu, H. (2019) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.13600 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Turing Test for Molecular Generators
Bush, J. T., Pogány, P., Pickett, S. D., Barker, M., Baxter, A., Campos, S., Cooper, A. W. J., Hirst, D. J., Inglis, G. G. A., Nadin, A. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01148 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Xu, Y. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1787-8_10 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, Y., Zhang, S., Yin, H., & Yan, A. (2019) · Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems · doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2019.103888 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Virtual Screening Meets Deep Learning
Pérez-Sianes, J., Pérez‐Sánchez, H., & Díaz, F. (2018) · Current Computer - Aided Drug Design · doi:10.2174/1573409914666181018141602 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Application of Bioactivity Profile-Based Fingerprints for Building Machine Learning Models
Sturm, N., Sun, J., Vandriessche, Y., Mayr, A., Klambauer, G., Carlsson, L., Engkvist, O., & Chen, H. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00550 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Machine Learning for In Silico ADMET Prediction
Jia, L., & Gao, H. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1787-8_20 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Machine learning models for phase transition and decomposition temperature of ionic liquids
Makarov, D. M., Fadeeva, Y. A., Shmukler, L. E., & Tetko, I. V. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120247 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Vijlder, T. D., Bittremieux, W., Laukens, K., & Heyndrickx, W. (2021) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.9120 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Multitask machine learning models for predicting lipophilicity (logP) in the SAMPL7 challenge
Lenselink, E. B., & Stouten, P. F. W. (2021) · Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design · doi:10.1007/s10822-021-00405-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adding Stochastic Negative Examples into Machine Learning Improves Molecular Bioactivity Prediction
Cáceres, E. L., Mew, N. C., & Keiser, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00565 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Advances in machine intelligence‐driven virtual screening approaches for big‐data
Kumar, N., & Acharya, V. (2023) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21995 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Drug Discovery and Product Development
Narayanan, R. R., Durga, N., & Nagalakshmi, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research · doi:10.5530/ijper.56.3s.146 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhang, M., Zhou, Y., Wang, L., Zeng, L.-T., Cui, Y.-P., & Sun, X. (2024) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117127 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Piquing artificial intelligence towards drug discovery: Tools, techniques, and applications
Agu, P. C., & Obulose, C. N. (2024) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.22159 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Haas, B. C., Hardy, M. A., V., S. S. S., Adams, K., Coley, C. W., Paton, R. S., & Sigman, M. S. (2024) · Digital Discovery · doi:10.1039/d4dd00284a · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Pérez, R., & Bajorath, J. (2018) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b01682 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Brown, B. P., Vu, O., Geanes, A. R., Kothiwale, S., Butkiewicz, M., Lowe, E. W., Mueller, R., Pape, R., Mendenhall, J., & Meiler, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.833099 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kour, S., Biswas, I., Sheoran, S., Arora, S., Sheela, P., Duppala, S. K., Murthy, D. K., Pawar, S. C., Singh, H., Kumar, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104392 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A multitask GNN-based interpretable model for discovery of selective JAK inhibitors
Wang, Y., Gu, Y., Lou, C., Gong, Y., Wu, Z., Li, W., Tang, Y., & Liu, G. (2022) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-022-00593-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lexa, K. W., Belyk, K. M., Henle, J. J., Xiang, B., Sheridan, R. P., Denmark, S. E., Ruck, R. T., & Sherer, E. C. (2021) · Organic Process Research & Development · doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00155 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-task learning with a natural metric for quantitative structure activity relationship learning
Sadawi, N., Olier, I., Vanschoren, J., van Rijn, J. N., Besnard, J., Bickerton, R., Groşan, C., Soldatova, L., & King, R. D. (2019) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-019-0392-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Suay‐García, B., Bueso-Bordils, J. I., Falcó, A., Pérez‐Gracia, M. T., Antón-Fos, G. M., & Aleman, P. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Molecular Science · doi:10.1002/wcms.1472 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Xu, Y., Ma, J., Liaw, A., Sheridan, R. P., & Svetnik, V.
- Affiliations
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Yuting
- Venue
- Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-10-02
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2490-2504
- ISSN
- 1549-9596 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-960X
- OpenAlex
- W2751756351
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 17.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Machine Learning in Materials Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
- Keywords
- QSAR, training data selection, domain knowledge integration, predictive performance
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, Models, Chemical, Proteins, Drug Delivery Systems, Neural Networks, Computer, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review