Morphology-dependent immunomodulatory coating of hydroxyapatite/PEO for magnesium-based bone implants
Abstract
One of the most critical issues concerning orthopedic implants is the risk of chronic inflammation, which poses a threat to the bone healing process. Osteo-immunomodulation plays a pivotal role in implant technology by influencing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, ultimately promoting bone healing. This study aims to investigate the morphology-dependent osteo-immunomodulatory properties of a hydroxyapatite (HA)/plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)-coated WE43 alloy. In this context, following the PEO process with various operational parameters (duty cycles of 50-40, 50-20, 70-40%, and frequencies of 0.5, 0.8, and 1 kHz), a layer of HA was applied as the top coating using a straightforward hot-dip process. The results revealed the formation of the PEO layer with distinct morphologies and pore sizes, depending on the operational parameters. Specifically, a uniform PEO coating with small pore sizes (5.2-5.3 μm) led to the creation of plate-like HA particles, while a random-like HA structure formed on nonuniform surfaces with large pores (7.0-11.1 μm) of PEO. Moreover, it was observed that the plate-like HA coating exhibited higher adhesion strength than the random one (classified as class 2 vs class 3 based on cross-cut standards). Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization studies confirmed a substantial increase in the polarization resistance (680 kΩ) and total impedance (48 559.6 Ω) for the plate-like HA/PEO as compared to the substrate (an increase of 1511-fold and 311-fold, respectively) and the random HA/PEO samples (an increase of 85-fold and 18-fold, respectively). In addition, compared to random HA coatings, there was a significant enhancement in the viability (150% control vs 96% control), proliferation, and differentiation of MG63 cells when exposed to plate-like HA coatings. Moreover, surface morphology and chemistry pronouncedly impacted macrophages' viability, morphology, and phenotype. Notably, plate-like HA coatings resulted in a higher upregulation of BMP-2 and TGF-β than proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and M-CSF), indicating a polarization of macrophage type 1 (M1) toward type 2 (M2). In summary, the bilayer HA/PEO coating exhibited remarkable osteo-immunomodulatory activity, making it highly appealing for use in bone implant applications.
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There is a mismatch between the rapid degradation of bare Mg and the timing required for proper immunomodulation, thereby compromising the pro-regenerative capacity of this material.
“These results reveal a mismatch between the rapid degradation of bare Mg and the timing required for proper immunomodulation, thereby compromising the pro-regenerative capacity of this material [65].”
From Nanocatalytic magnesium osteoimplants with biodegradable self-adaptive interfaces for therapeutic repair of infected bone defects (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
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Wu, Y., Cai, Z., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Liao, L., & Jia, Z. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.12.018 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These results reveal a mismatch between the rapid degradation of bare Mg and the timing required for proper immunomodulation, thereby compromising the pro-regenerative capacity of this material [65].”
- Authors
- Farshid, S., Kharaziha, M., Salehi, H., & Ganjalikhani Hakemi, M.
- Affiliations
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Isfahan University of Technology (IR)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
- Corresponding author
- Kharaziha, Mahshid
- Venue
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-10-13
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 48996-49011
- ISSN
- 1944-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8252
- OpenAlex
- W4387598063
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (140074)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Surface Treatment and Coatings
- Keywords
- hydroxyapatite coating, plasma electrolytic oxidation, WE43 magnesium alloy, bone implants, coating morphology, macrophage polarization, M2 macrophages, BMP-2, TGF-beta, interleukin-6, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, coating adhesion, polarization resistance
- MeSH terms
- Bone and Bones, Magnesium, Surface Properties, Titanium, Durapatite, Prostheses and Implants, Coated Materials, Biocompatible
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