Heteroatom-doped graphitic carbon catalysts for efficient electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays an important role in renewable energy technologies, such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Along with the extensive research and development of nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs) to reduce/replace Pt for electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen, a new class of heteroatom-doped metal-free carbon catalysts has been recently developed, which, as alternative ORR catalysts, could dramatically reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of fuel cells and metal–air batteries. The improved catalytic performance of heteroatom-doped carbon ORR catalysts has been attributed to the doping-induced charge redistribution around the heteroatom dopants, which lowered the ORR potential and changed the O 2 chemisorption mode to effectively weaken the O–O bonding, facilitating ORR at the heteroatom-doped carbon electrodes. Subsequently, this new metal-free ORR mechanism was confirmed by numerous studies, and the same principle has been applied to the development of various other efficient catalysts for not only ORR in fuel cells but also oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in metal–air batteries and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water-splitting systems. However, there are still some concerns about possible contributions of metal impurities to the ORR activities of these carbon catalysts. To avoid unnecessary confusion, therefore, it is important to clarify the situation. In this Perspective, we provide important aspects of the metal-free ORR catalysts with a critical analysis of the literature, along with perspectives and challenges of this rapidly growing field of practical significance.
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Boron doping generates charging-induced asymmetric spin distributions in the p-system of graphene and enhances electrocatalytic activity.
“B doping generate charging-induced asymmetric spin distributions in the p-system of graphene and, this fact, enhances electrocatalytic activity [28], as observed by Yang et al. [29], who generated a boron-doped graphene using a hydrothermal process achieving a overpotential (mV) at 10 mA cm−2 (η10) of 260 mV.”
From Influence of boron doping level and calcination temperature on hydrogen evolution reaction in acid medium of metal-free graphene aerogels (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
3D porous graphene aerogels show great potential for application in water splitting because of their superior conductivity, good mechanical stability, high specific surface area, and multidimensional mass-transfer pathways.
“Three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene aerogels show great potential for application in water splitting because of their superior conductivity, good mechanical stability, high specic surface area, and multidimensional mass-transfer pathways.10,11”
From Tunable CoFe-based active sites on 3D heteroatom doped graphene aerogel electrocatalysts <i>via</i> annealing gas regulation for efficient water splitting (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
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Emerging new generation electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
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- Authors
- Zhang, J., & Dai, L.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dai, Liming
- Venue
- ACS Catalysis
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-11-10
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 7244-7253
- ISSN
- 2155-5435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2203309456
- Cited by
- 590
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 18.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACS Catalysis (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Materials Research (DMR 1106160)
- Division of Industrial Innovation and Partnerships (AIR-IIP-1343270)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-12-1-0037)
- Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (CMMI-1266295, CMMI-1400274)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Keywords
- oxygen reduction reaction, heteroatom-doped carbon, metal-free electrocatalysts, non-noble metal catalysts, charge redistribution, oxygen chemisorption, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, water splitting
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