Strong Base Anion Exchange Selectivity of Nine Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals Relevant to Drinking Water
Open accessAbstract
Selectivity with respect to chloride ( K PFAS/C ) was determined for nine drinking water relevant perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic acid (GenX), five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and three perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Three single-use strong base anion exchange gel resins were investigated, targeting drinking water relevant equilibrium PFAS liquid concentrations (≤500 ng/L). Except for the longest carbon chain PFCA (perfluorodecanoic acid) and PFSA (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) studied, PFAS followed traditional ion exchange theory (law of mass action), including increasing equilibrium PFAS liquid concentrations with increasing equilibrium chloride liquid concentrations. Overall, K PFAS/C values were (i) similar among resins for a given PFAS, (ii) 1–5 orders of magnitude greater than the selectivity of inorganic anions (e.g., nitrate) previously studied, (iii) 2 orders of magnitude greater for the same carbon chain length PFSA versus PFCA, (iv) found to proportionally increase with carbon chain length for both PFSAs and PFCAs, and (v) similar for GenX and perfluorohexanoic acid (six-carbon PFCA). A multisolute competition experiment demonstrated binary isotherm-determined K PFAS/C values could be applied to simulate a multisolute system, extending work previously done with only inorganic anions to PFAS. Ultimately, estimated K PFAS/C values allow future extension and validation of an open-source anion exchange column model to PFAS.
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Conventional adsorbents including GAC and IX can require more than 24 h to reach equilibrium.
“These time points were selected to target the novel adsorbents, as conventional adsorbents – including GAC and IX – can require more than 24 h to reach equilibrium [28].”
From Comparative evaluation of PFAS-selective adsorbents in hard-to-treat residual waste streams (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Fact Sheet: Announcement of Completion of EPA's Third Six-Year Review of Existing Drinking Water Standards. EPA 815-F-16-010;
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- Authors
- Wahman, D. G., Smith, S. J., Kleiner, E. J., Abulikemu, G., Stebel, E. K., Gray, B. N., Crone, B. C., Taylor, R. D., Womack, E. A., Gastaldo, C. X., Sanan, T. T., Pressman, J. G., & Haupert, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haupert, Levi M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS ES&T Water
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-11-16
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3967-3979
- ISSN
- 2690-0637 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10829541
- OpenAlex
- W4388723046
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS ES&T Water (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, chloride selectivity, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, GenX, PFOS, perfluorodecanoic acid, carbon chain length, isotherms, drinking water treatment
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