Photoacoustic Imaging-Trackable Magnetic Microswimmers for Pathogenic Bacterial Infection Treatment
Abstract
Micro/nanorobots have been extensively explored as a tetherless small-scale robotic biodevice to perform minimally invasive interventions in hard-to-reach regions. Despite the emergence of versatile micro/nanorobots in recent years, matched in vivo development remains challenging, limited by unsatisfactory integration of core functions. Herein, we report a polydopamine (PDA)-coated magnetic microswimmer consisting of a magnetized Spirulina (MSP) matrix and PDA surface. Apart from the properties of the existing MSP ( e.g., robust propulsion, natural fluorescence, tailored biodegradation, and selective cytotoxicity), the introduced PDA coating enhances the photoacoustic (PA) signal and photothermal effect of the MSP, thus making PA image tracking and photothermal therapy possible. Meanwhile, the PDA’s innate fluorescence quenching and diverse surface reactivity allows an off–on fluorescence diagnosis with fluorescence probes ( e.g., coumarin 7). As a proof of concept, real-time image tracking (by PA imaging) and desired theranostic capabilities of PDA-MSP microswimmer swarms are demonstrated for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infection. Our study suggests a feasible antibacterial microrobot for in vivo development and a facile yet versatile functionalization strategy of micro/nanorobots.
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A magnetized Spirulina sp. matrix coated with polydopamine (MSp-PDA) microswimmer enabled noninvasive real-time photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy for theranostics of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.
“Noninvasive and real-time image tracking (by photoacoustic imaging) of the MSp-PDA microswimmer was accomplished and its photothermal therapy for the theranostics of pathogenic multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection was also demonstrated.”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [162]
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- Authors
- Xie, L., Pang, X., Yan, X., Dai, Q., Lin, H., Ye, J., Cheng, Y., Zhao, Q., Ma, X., Zhang, X., Liu, G., & Chen, X.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yan, Xiaohui
- Liu, Gang
- Chen, Xiaoyuan
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-03-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2880-2893
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W3009854819
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 34.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Nano (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCE-13-0502)
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2017YFA0205201, 2018YFA0107301)
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (ZIA EB000073)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81422023, 81603015, 81871404, 81925019, U1705281)
- the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (20720190076, 20720190088, 20720200019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Micro and Nano Robotics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Keywords
- magnetic microswimmers, micro/nanorobots, photoacoustic imaging, polydopamine coating, photothermal therapy, bacterial infection treatment, theranostics, fluorescence quenching, off-on fluorescence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Infections, Fluorescent Dyes, Indoles, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Phototherapy, Polymers, Clarithromycin, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Mice, Spirulina, Magnetic Phenomena, Photoacoustic Techniques, Optical Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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