Ultrasonic Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Titanium Dioxide Composites: Process Optimization via Response Surface Methodology
Open accessAbstract
In this study, the central composite design of response surface methodology was applied to optimize the ultrasonic synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotube-titanium dioxide (MWNT-TiO2) composites. Twenty composites were prepared by adjusting three parameters (MWNT concentration in water, sonication to disperse/exfoliate MWNTs in water, and sonication to attach TiO2 onto MWNTs) at five levels. On the basis of the experimental design, semiempirical expressions were developed, analyzed, statistically assessed, and subsequently applied to predict the impact of the studied parameters on composite synthesis. The composite synthesis process was optimized to capture the experimental conditions favoring the highest productivity (i.e., MWNT-TiO2 formation or percent TiO2 attachment) utilizing minimal resources. The synthesis process optimization results showed that, to make a MWNT-TiO2 composite in 10 mL of water, 23.2 mg (∼99% of 23.4 mg) of TiO2 can be attached to 2.6 mg of MWNTs. This process requires only 727 J sonication energy, of which 592 J is invested to exfoliate MWNTs (Sonication 1) and 135 J to attach TiO2 (Sonication 2) to MWNTs. Finally, the optimally synthesized composite was extensively characterized using SEM, surface area and porosity analysis, TGA, and ζ-potential analysis/DLS. Also, this composite was tested for stability under variable pH and solvent polarity. The approach developed in this study could be used to optimize the synthesis process of other similar composites.
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The RSM model exhibited satisfactory approximation of actual Cr(VI) adsorption removal, with a high correlation coefficient R2 of 0.99, implying that 99% of variations in results can be attributed to studied factors.
“The RSM model exhibited satisfactory approximation of the actual Cr(VI) adsorption removal (%), as demonstrated by the high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99 (Fig. 3), implying that 99% of the variations in the results can be attributed to the studied factors34,35.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
The Results and Discussion, under “Model Development and Fitting” (page not provided), report a good fit between predicted and experimental values for two RSM responses. But those responses are MWNT expansion and TiO₂ attachment, not Cr(VI) adsorption removal, and the reported regression coefficient is approximately 0.9, not 0.99. The source therefore does not support the claim that 99% of variation in Cr(VI) removal was attributable to the studied factors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Zaib, Q., Jouiad, M., & Ahmad, F.
- Affiliations
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology (AE)
- Corresponding author
- Ahmad, Farrukh
- Venue
- ACS Omega
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2019-01-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 535-545
- ISSN
- 2470-1343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6648941
- OpenAlex
- W2910069005
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Omega (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
- Keywords
- multi-walled carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, sonochemical synthesis, sonochemical exfoliation, process optimization, composite stability
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