Extracting Oxygen from Chang’e-5 Lunar Regolith Simulants

Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride

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Application of ionic liquids to the electrodeposition of metals

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Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang’E-5 mission

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Pinpoint and bulk electrochemical reduction of insulating silicon dioxide to silicon

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Capture and electrochemical conversion of CO2 to value-added carbon and oxygen by molten salt electrolysis

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Non-KREEP origin for Chang’e-5 basalts in the Procellarum KREEP Terrane

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A new anode material for oxygen evolution in molten oxide electrolysis

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The electrochemical reduction processes of solid compounds in high temperature molten salts

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The production of oxygen and metal from lunar regolith

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Inert anodes for the Hall-Héroult cell: The ultimate materials challenge

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Proving the viability of an electrochemical process for the simultaneous extraction of oxygen and production of metal alloys from lunar regolith

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Production of Oxygen Gas and Liquid Metal by Electrochemical Decomposition of Molten Iron Oxide

Wang, D., Gmitter, A. J., & Sadoway, D. R. (2011) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3560477 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Efficient Solar‐Driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, and Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Fuels, Metals, Bleach

Licht, S. L. (2011) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201103198 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Direct electrolytic reduction of solid SiO2 in molten CaCl2 for the production of solar grade silicon

Yasuda, K., Nohira, T., Hagiwara, R., & Ogata, Y. H. (2007) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.024 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Electrolysis of Molten Iron Oxide with an Iridium Anode: The Role of Electrolyte Basicity

Kim, H., Paramore, J. D., Allanore, A., & Sadoway, D. R. (2011) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3623446 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

Development of an Inert Anode for Electrowinning in Calcium Chloride–Calcium Oxide Melts

Jiao, S., & Fray, D. J. (2009) · Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B · doi:10.1007/s11663-009-9281-8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Silicon Electrochemistry in Molten Salts

Juzeliūnas, E., & Fray, D. J. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00428 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Observation and modeling of the reduction of hematite particles to metal in alkaline solution by electrolysis

Allanore, A., Lavelaine, H., Valentin, G., Birat, J., Delcroix, P., & Lapicque, F. (2010) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.040 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Advancements and potentials of molten salt CO2 capture and electrochemical transformation (MSCC-ET) process

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Mineral chemistry and 3D tomography of a Chang’E 5 high-Ti basalt: implication for the lunar thermal evolution history

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Current efficiency studies for graphite and SnO2-based anodes for the electro-deoxidation of metal oxides

Kilby, K. T., Jiao, S., & Fray, D. J. (2010) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.049 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

New Lunar Samples Returned by Chang’e-5: Opportunities for New Discoveries and International Collaboration

Yang, W., & Lin, Y. (2020) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100070 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Mineral Processing and Metal Extraction on the Lunar Surface - Challenges and Opportunities

Shaw, M., Humbert, M. S., Brooks, G., Rhamdhani, M. A., Duffy, A. R., & Pownceby, M. I. (2021) · Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review · doi:10.1080/08827508.2021.1969390 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Progress Made in Lunar In Situ Resource Utilization under NASA's Exploration Technology and Development Program

Sanders, G. B., & Larson, W. E. (2012) · Earth and Space 2012 · doi:10.1061/9780784412190.050 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Lunar Soil Simulant Electrolysis Using Inert Anode for Al-Si Alloy and Oxygen Production

Liu, A., Shi, Z., Hu, X., Gao, B., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1381702jes · Cited by 45 · see citing works

The reduction of lunar regolith by carbothermal processing using methane

Balasubramaniam, R., Gökoğlu, S. A., & Hegde, U. (2010) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2010.06.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Aluminothermic Reduction-Molten Salt Electrolysis Using Inert Anode for Oxygen and Al-Base Alloy Extraction from Lunar Soil Simulant

Xie, K., Shi, Z., Xu, J., Hu, X., Gao, B., & Wang, Z. (2017) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-017-2478-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Durability of platinum coating anode in molten carbonate electrolysis cell

Du, K., Yu, R., Gao, M., Chen, Z., Mao, X., Zhu, H., & Wang, D. (2019) · Corrosion Science · doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.028 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Unusual temperature effect on the stability of nickel anodes in molten carbonates

Du, K., Zheng, K., Chen, Z., Zhu, H., Gan, F., & Wang, D. (2017) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.149 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Thermodynamic modelling of ultra-high vacuum thermal decomposition for lunar resource processing

Shaw, M., Brooks, G. A., Rhamdhani, M. A., Duffy, A. R., & Pownceby, M. I. (2021) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2021.105272 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Nickel-Iron-Copper Alloy as Inert Anode for Ternary Molten Carbonate Electrolysis at 650°C

Zheng, K., Du, K., Cheng, X., Jiang, R., Deng, B., Zhu, H., & Wang, D. (2018) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1211811jes · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Feasibility studies for hydrogen reduction of ilmenite in a static system for use as an ISRU demonstration on the lunar surface

Sargeant, H., Abernethy, F. A. J., Anand, M., Barber, S. J., Landsberg, P. T., Sheridan, S., Wright, I. P., & Morse, A. D. (2019) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104759 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Thermodynamic considerations of screening halide molten-salt electrolytes for electrochemical reduction of solid oxides/sulfides

Xie, H., Zhao, H., Qu, J., Song, Q., Ning, Z., & Yin, H. (2019) · Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10008-019-04193-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Synthesis of Nanostructured Carbon Material by Electroreduction in Fused Alkali Carbonates

Kaplan, B., Groult, H., Komaba, S., Kumagai, N., & Lantelme, F. (2001) · Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1246/cl.2001.714 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Corrosion of inconel alloys for application as inert anodes in low-temperature molten carbonate electrolysis processes

Frangini, S., Paoletti, C., & Seta, L. D. (2020) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

In-situ resource utilization: ferrosilicon and SiC production from BP-1 lunar regolith simulant via carbothermal reduction

Samouhos, M., Tsakiridis, P., Iskander, M., Taxiarchou, M., & Betsis, K. (2022) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2021.105414 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Development of an evolved gas-time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) instrument

Getty, S., ten Kate, I. L., Feng, S., Brinckerhoff, W. B., Cardiff, E. H., Holmes, V., King, T. T., Li, M. J., Mumm, E., Mahaffy, P. R., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2010.06.020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

China's lunar and deep space exploration: touching the moon and exploring the universe

Zhao, W., & Wang, C. (2019) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz120 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Corrosion behaviour and mechanism of nickel anode in SO42- containing molten Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3

Wang, P., Du, K., Dou, Y., Zhu, H., & Wang, D. (2020) · Corrosion Science · doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108450 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Anodic Gases Generated on a Carbon Electrode in Oxide-Ion Containing Molten CaCl2 for the Electro-Deoxidation Process

Xie, H., Zhao, H., Song, Q., Ning, Z., Qu, J., & Yin, H. (2018) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0251814jes · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Carbon Reduction of Lunar Regolith for Oxygen Production

Gustafson, R. J. (2005) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.1867249 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Electrolysis of iron with oxygen gas evolution from molten sodium borate electrolytes

Choi, H.-G., Choi, S., Kim, M., Jang, J., Nam, K. T., Jung, I., & Yi, K. (2021) · Ironmaking & Steelmaking Processes Products and Applications · doi:10.1080/03019233.2020.1861837 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Dissolution and electrolysis of lunar regolith in ionic liquids

Rohde, S., Wiltsche, H., Cowley, A., & Gollas, B. R. (2022) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2022.105534 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Plasma Processing of Lunar Regolith Simulant for Oxygen and Glass Production

Sen, S., Butts, D., O'Dell, J. S., & Ray, C. S. (2010) · ASCE International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth and Space) · doi:10.1061/41096(366)121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review

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Influence of ambient pressure on laser beam melting of lunar regolith simulant

Griemsmann, T., Patzwald, J., Chawda, C., Eismann, T., Abel, A., Emminghaus, N., Hermsdorf, J., Stoll, E., & Overmeyer, L. (2024) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.057 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Overview of in-situ oxygen production technologies for lunar resources

Xu, Y., Pang, S., Cong, L., Qian, G., Wang, D., Li, L., Wu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials · doi:10.1007/s12613-024-2925-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

In-situ oxygen extraction from TiO2 using laser thermal vacuum metallurgy

Zhao, P., Li, G., Chen, X., Cheng, P., Yan, Y., Pang, Z., Sun, C., Yu, X., Zou, X., & Lu, X. (2023) · Vacuum · doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112628 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Critical Electrochemistry Technologies Applicable in Space Exploration

Xu, R., Lv, Z., Li, S., He, J., & Song, J. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202504447 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Lunar simulant behaviour in molten fluoride salt for ISRU applications

Maes, M., Gibilaro, M., Chamelot, P., Chiron, C., Chevrel, S., Pinet, P., Massot, L., & Favier, J. J. (2024) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Transport of Volatiles in Agglutinates from Lunar Regolith of Chang’e-5 Mission

Li, L., Zhang, G. C., Zhang, H., Xiao, Y., Zhao, S., Song, J., Yao, W., Wang, W. H., Zou, Z., & Yang, M. (2025) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0638 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Planetary Soil Simulant Characterisation: NU-LHT-2M Study Case to Support Oxygen Extraction Lab Tests with a Low-Temperature Carbothermal Process

Zanotti, G., Troisi, I., Dottori, A., & Lavagna, M. R. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace11040295 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Aluminum and oxygen production by electrolysis after aluminothermic reduction of lunar soil simulant in cryolite melts

Jing, Z., Liu, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, F., He, C., Hu, X., Wang, J., He, Z., & Shi, Z. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.136676 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Vacuum laser zone refining of titanium towards lunar metallurgy: Experimental and numerical study

Zhao, P., Li, G., Cheng, P., Gao, Y., Sun, C., Yu, X., Pang, Z., Zou, X., & Lu, X. (2024) · Vacuum · doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113733 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

An Electrochemical Approach to Prepare Liquid Sodium-Lead Alloy using a Molten NaCl–Na2CO3 Electrolyte

Wu, Y., Wang, H., Xiang, M., Hu, Z., Shi, H., Pang, F., Wang, B., Zhang, X., Wang, D., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B · doi:10.1007/s11663-025-03596-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Electrochemical Processing of Planetary Regolith in Molten Salts – A Review

Guerrero-Gonzalez, F. J., Rützler, A., Donten, M. L., Lomax, B. A., Lindner, R. C., & Reiss, P. (2026) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ae5420 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Monitoring O2– Behavior during Electrolysis in Molten CaCl2

Lin, C., & Yang, X. X. (2025) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00397 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

MFBTFF-Net: A Novel Multi-Frequency Brightness Temperature Feature Fusion Network for Global Lunar Surface Oxides Abundance Estimation With Chang'e-2 Lunar Microwave Sounder Data

Li, Y., Yuan, Z., Mazhar, S., Meng, Z., Zhang, Y., Ping, J., & Nunziata, F. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3525797 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Development of a New Lunar Regolith Simulant using an Automated Program Framework

Kwon, G., Kim, K. J., & Yi, E. S. (2024) · Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.5140/jass.2024.41.2.79 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: From Serendipity to Space Exploration

Chen, G. Z., & Fray, D. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40294-4.00050-5

Dimensionality reduction design and optimization of gaseous oxygen cooling radiator for in-situ lunar resources utilization

Yin, P., Yao, X., Zheng, S., He, C., Wang, Y., WANG, J., & Shen, J. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128473

Cathodic Reduction Process in Low-Temperature Electro-Deoxidation for Metal Extraction from NEU-2 Lunar Regolith Simulant

Zhou, Y., Li, J., Xie, K., Liu, A., Li, Z., Hu, X., & Shi, Z. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148680

Potentialité d'utilisation du sol lunaire (régolithe) pour la production d'oxygène et de métaux dans le contexte de l'ISRU (in-situ resources utilization)

Maes, M. (2024) · doi:10.70675/4f4ef849zc136z4e3azbdafz193013d58f4c

From extraction to purification: A comprehensive review of oxygen production from lunar regolith for ISRU

Liu, D., Li, L., Wang, P., Lin, L., Tang, J., Rafique, M., Dong, S., Shuai, Y., & (86769), B. W. (2026) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2026.05.063

Aluminothermic reduction of NEU-1 lunar soil simulant in cryolite molten salt

Xiao, K., Liu, A., Qu, L., Liu, Y. Q., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Hu, X., & Shi, Z. (2026) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae7769

Reductant-free synthesis of metallic iron powder from magnetite by laser processing under vacuum

Zhang, X., Li, G., Li, C., Cheng, P., Pang, Z., Zou, X., Xu, Q., & Lu, X. (2026) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2026.105358

Hydrogen reduction of lunar regolith simulants: A kinetic comparison between fixed and fluidized bed reactors

Zhang, G. C., Liu, X., Liu, Y., He, Y., Wang, H., Tian, Z., Yu, S., Zheng, Q., Liu, G., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2026.106306

Reductant-Free Laser-Vacuum Ironmaking Technology for Lunar In-Situ Resource Utilization

Zhang, X., Li, G., Li, W., Cheng, P., Hu, Y., Pang, Z., Zou, X., Xu, Q., & Lu, X. (2026) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6c04270

Direct Electrolysis of Molten Lunar Regolith for the Production of Oxygen and Metals on the Moon

Sirk, A. H. C., Sadoway, D. R., & Sibille, L. (2010) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/1.3367929 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Production of Oxygen from Lunar Regolith by Molten Oxide Electrolysis

Curreri, P. A. (2009) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)

Production of Oxygen from Lunar Regolith using Molten Oxide Electrolysis

Sadoway, D. R., Melendez, O., Dominquez, J. A., Poizeau, S. M., Tripathy, P., Stefanescu, D. M., Curreri, P. A., Standish, E., Sirk, A. H. C., & Sibille, L. (2009) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Advances in Molten Oxide Electrolysis for the Production of Oxygen and Metals from Lunar Regolith

Sadoway, D. R., Sirk, A. H. C., Sibille, L., Melendez, O., Lueck, D. E., Curreri, P. A., Dominquez, J. A., & Whitlow, J. (2008) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)

Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution from Lunar Regolith Simulant by La-Based Perovskite Oxide Electrode

Tanaka, S., Suzuki, Y., Fukunaka, Y., & Goto, T. (2025) · ECS Meeting Abstracts · doi:10.1149/ma2025-02673242mtgabs