The production of oxygen and metal from lunar regolith
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Sintering micro-trusses in a hydrogen environment may not necessarily result in a peak strength increase, but it has practical applications in oxygen and water collection for human use on the Moon through reduction of ilmenite to metallic iron by hydrogen.
“Sintering micro-trusses in a hydrogen environment may not necessarily result in a peak strength increase, but it has practical applications in oxygen and water collection for human use on the Moon through a reduction process of the ilmenite ( FeTiO 3 ) mineral found in Lunar regolith to metallic iron by hydrogen [94,256-258].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
MSE uses a molten salt, typically a chloride salt, as an electrolyte for metal oxides, and allows reduction of metal oxides from lunar regolith at temperatures ranging from 800-1000°C.
“MSE uses a molten salt, typically a chloride salt, as an electrolyte for metal oxides.It allows for the reduction of metal oxides from lunar regolith at temperatures ranging from 800-1000 • C (Chen 2020; Mohandas and Fray 2004;Schwandt et al. 2012;Kilby et al. 2006;Jin et al. 2004;Jiang et al. 2006;Liu et al. 2017).”
From A review and analysis of extraction methods for aluminum and oxygen from Lunar Regolith (2026) · cites this paper as Schwandt et al. 2012
For CaCl2, MSE operating temperature typically falls between 800°C and 1000°C.
“For CaCl 2 , a commonly researched salt, this operating temperature typically falls between 800 • C and 1000 • C.”
From A review and analysis of extraction methods for aluminum and oxygen from Lunar Regolith (2026) · cites this paper as Schwandt et al. 2012
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A review and analysis of extraction methods for aluminum and oxygen from Lunar Regolith
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- Authors
- Schwandt, C., Hamilton, J. A., Fray, D. J., & Crawford, I. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schwandt, Carsten
- Venue
- Planetary and Space Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-56
- ISSN
- 0032-0633 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066635938
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Planetary and Space Science (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
- Keywords
- lunar regolith, oxygen production, metal recovery, molten salt electrochemistry, hydrogen reduction, methane mitigation, sulfuric acid treatment, molten oxide electrolysis, lunar water ice
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