Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,689

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C

Open access
Li, Qingfeng, He, Ronghuan, Jensen, Jens Oluf, Bjerrum, Niels J.·2003·Chemistry of Materials
DOI 10.1021/cm0310519
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract The state-of-the-art of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes operating at a typical temperature of 80 °C. Some of the key issues and shortcomings of the PFSA-based PEMFC technology are briefly discussed. These include water management, CO poisoning, hydrogen, reformate and methanol as fuels, cooling, and heat recovery. As a means to solve these shortcomings, high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes for operation above 100 °C are under active development. This treatise is devoted to a review of the area encompassing modified PFSA membranes, alternative sulfonated polymer and their composite membranes, and acid−base complex membranes. PFSA membranes have been modified by swelling with nonvolatile solvents and preparing composites with hydrophilic oxides and solid proton conductors. DMFC and H2/O2(air) cells based on modified PFSA membranes have been successfully operated at temperatures up to 120 °C under ambient pressure and up to 150 °C under 3−5 atm. Alternative polymers are selected from silicon- and fluorine-containing inorganic polymers or aromatic hydrocarbon polymers and functionalized by sulfonation. The sulfonated hydrocarbons and their inorganic composites are potentially promising for high-temperature operation. High conductivities have been obtained at temperatures up to 180 °C. Acid−base complex membranes constitute another class of electrolyte membranes. A high-temperature PEMFC based on H3PO4-doped PBI has been demonstrated for operation at temperatures up to 200 °C under ambient pressure. The advanced features include high CO tolerance, simple thermal and water management, and possible integration with the fuel processing unit.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1021/cm0310519

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 13 references

Research works printed but not linked: 273

  1. Gottesfeld, S.; Zawodzinski, T. A. Advances in Eletrochemical Science and Engineering; Alkire, R. C., Gerischer, H., Kolb, D. M., Tobias, C. W., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1997; Vol. 5, p 195.
  2. Costamagna, 2001, J. Power Sources, 102, 242, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00807-2 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Pourcelly, G.; Gavach, C. Proton Conductors,Solids,Membranes,andGels−Materials and Devices; Colomban, P., Ed.; Canbridge University Press: New York, 1992.
  4. Heitner-Wirguim, 1996, J. Membr. Sci., 120, 1, 10.1016/0376-7388(96)00155-X · DOI · Paper page
  5. Fermandez, R. E. Polymer Data Handbook; Mark, J. E., Ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, 1999; p 233.
  6. Grot, 1994, Macromol. Symp., 82, 161, 10.1002/masy.19940820117 · DOI
  7. Doyle, M.; Rajendran, G. Handbook of Fuel Cells, Vielstichm, W., Lamm, A., Gasteiger, H. A., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New York, 2003; Vol. 3, p 351.
  8. Frotts, 1991, J. Electrochem. Soc., 138, 3345, 10.1149/1.2085412 · doi:10.1149/1.2085412
  9. Gottesfeld, 1987, J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, 1455, 10.1149/1.2100689 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Heinzel, 1999, J. Power Sources, 84, 70, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00302-X · DOI · Paper page
  11. Ren, 2001, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A87, 10.1149/1.1344521 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Li, 2001, J. Appl. Electrochem., 31, 773, 10.1023/A:1013872107905 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Xiao, 1995, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 2890, 10.1149/1.2048660 · DOI
  14. Oetjen, 1996, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 3838, 10.1149/1.1837305 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Bogdanovic, 1997, J. Alloys Compd., 253
  16. Jensen, 2001, J. Appl. Phys., A72, 213, 10.1007/s003390100784 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Thomas, 1998, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23, 507, 10.1016/S0360-3199(97)00102-X · DOI
  18. Schmidt, 1998, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 925, 10.1149/1.1838368 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Hogarth, 1997, Eur. Fuel Cell News, 4, 14
  20. Heinzel, 1999, J. Power Sources, 84, 70, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00302-X · DOI · Paper page
  21. Frank, G. Proceedings of the 2nd European PEFC Forum, June 30−July 4 2003, Lucerne, Switzerland; p 749.
  22. Li, 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1599, 10.1149/1.1619984 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Li, Q.; Hjuler, H. A.; Hasiotis, C.; Kallitsis, J. K.; Kontoyannis, C. G.; Bjerrum, N. . J. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2002, 5, A125. · DOI
  24. Bonnet, 2000, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 3, 87
  25. Yang, 2001, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 4, A31, 10.1149/1.1353157 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Alberti, 2000, J. Membr. Sci., 172, 233, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00332-X · DOI
  27. Alberti, 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 73, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00635-9 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Doyle, 2000, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 34, 10.1149/1.1393153 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Savinell, 1994, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, L46, 10.1149/1.2054875 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Kopirzke, 2000, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 67, 335, 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00135-4 · DOI
  31. Linkous, 1993, Proc. ACS Div. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 68, 122
  32. Linkous, 1998, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23, 525, 10.1016/S0360-3199(97)00113-4 · DOI
  33. Linkous, 1993, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 18, 641, 10.1016/0360-3199(93)90116-R · DOI
  34. Savadogo, 1998, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 1, 47
  35. Kreuer, 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 29, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00632-3 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Jones, 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 41, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00633-5 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Rikukawa, 2000, Prog. Polym. Sci., 25, 1463, 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00032-0 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Inzelt, 2000, Electrochem. Acta, 45, 2403, 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00329-7 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Kreuer, K. D. Handbook of Fuel Cells; Vielstichm, W., Lamm, A., Gasteiger, H. A.,Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New York, 2003; Vol. 3, p 420.
  40. Jones, D. J.; Roziére, J. Handbook of Fuel Cells; Vielstichm, W., Lamm, A., Gasteiger, H. A.,Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New York, 2003; Vol. 3, p 447.
  41. Colomban, 1999, Ann. Chim. (Paris), 24, 1, 10.1016/S0151-9107(99)80030-0 · DOI
  42. Przyluski, 1991, Synth. Met., 45, 323, 10.1016/0379-6779(91)91788-C · DOI
  43. Alberti, 2001, Solid State Ionics, 145, 3, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00911-0 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Kreuer, 1996, Chem. Mater., 8, 610, 10.1021/cm950192a · DOI · Paper page
  45. Wainright, J. S.; Litt, M. H.; Savinell, R. F. Handbook of Fuel Cells; Vielstichm, W., Lamm, A., Gasteiger, H. A., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New York, 2003; Vol. 3, p 436.
  46. Choi, 2001, J. Power Sources, 96, 411, 10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00602-9 · DOI
  47. Hobson, 2002, J. Power Sources, 104, 79, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00875-8 · DOI
  48. Deluga, G. A.; Kelley, S. C.; Pivovar, B.; Shores, D. A.; Smyrl, W. H. 15th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (IEEE Catalog No. 00TH8490); IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, 1999; pp 51−53.
  49. Yeo, 1980, Polymer, 21, 432, 10.1016/0032-3861(80)90015-4 · DOI · Paper page
  50. Florjanczyk, 2001, Solid State Ionics, 145, 119, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00921-3 · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(01)00921-3
  51. Kimmerle, 1980, Can. J. Chem., 58, 2225, 10.1139/v80-358 · DOI
  52. Aldebert, 1991, Polymer, 23, 399, 10.1295/polymj.23.399 · DOI
  53. Gebel, 1993, Polymer, 34, 333, 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90086-P · DOI · Paper page
  54. Wasmus, 1995, Solid State Ionics, 80, 87, 10.1016/0167-2738(95)00105-F · DOI
  55. Li, 2000, J. Electrochim. Acta, 45, 4219, 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00554-5 · DOI
  56. Malhotra, 1997, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, L23, 10.1149/1.1837420 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Angell, 1993, Nature, 362, 137, 10.1038/362137a0 · DOI · Paper page
  58. Fuller, 1997, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, L67, 10.1149/1.1837555 · doi:10.1149/1.1837555
  59. Kreuer, 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1281, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10031-7 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Schechter, 2002, Solid State Ionics, 147, 181, 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00040-1 · DOI · Paper page
  61. Sun, 2001, Electrochim. Acta, 46, 1703, 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00774-X · DOI
  62. Schuster, 2001, Solid State Ionics, 145, 85, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00917-1 · DOI
  63. Bae, B.; Chun, B.-H.; Ha, H.-Y.; Oh, I.-H.; Kim, D. J. Membr. Sci. 2002, 202, 245.
  64. Shim, 2002, J. Power Sources, 109, 412, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00106-4 · DOI
  65. Haufe, 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 95, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00637-2 · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00637-2
  66. Kolde, J. A.; Bahar, B.; Wilson, M. S.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Gottesfeld, S. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells; Gottesfeld, S., Halpert, G., Landgrebe, A., Eds.; Electrochemical Society, Inc.: Pennington, NJ, 1995; pp 193−201.
  67. Nouel, 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 2381, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10151-7 · DOI
  68. Liu, 2001, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 4, 227, 10.1149/1.1349880 · DOI
  69. Lin, J. C.; Jnuz, H. R.; Fenton, J. M. Handbook of Fuel Cells; Vielstich, W., Lamm, A., Gasteiger, H. A., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New York, 2003; Vol. 3, p 457.
  70. Watanabe, 1996, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 3847, 10.1149/1.1837307 · DOI · Paper page
  71. Watanabe, 1998, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 1137, 10.1149/1.1838429 · DOI
  72. Wang, 2002, J. Mater. Chem., 12, 834, 10.1039/b107498a · DOI
  73. Mauritz, 1998, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 6, 121, 10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00042-3 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Deng, 1995, Chem. Mater., 7, 2259, 10.1021/cm00060a012 · DOI
  75. Young, 1998, J. Polym. Sci., B: Polym. Phys., 40, 2237, 10.1002/polb.10282 · DOI
  76. Deng, 1997, Chem. Mater., 9, 36, 10.1021/cm950552u · doi:10.1021/cm950552u
  77. Deng, 1998, Polymer, 39, 5961, 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00055-X · DOI
  78. Deng, 1998, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 68, 747, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980502)68:5%3C747::AID-APP7%3E3.0.CO;2-O · DOI
  79. Jung, 2002, J. Power Sources, 106, 173, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01053-9 · DOI
  80. Zoppi, 1997, Polymer, 39, 1309, 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00421-7 · DOI
  81. Zoppi, 1997, J. Electroanal. Chem., 445, 39, 10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00513-5 · DOI
  82. Rothenberger, 2002, Prepr. Pap.Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem., 47, 675
  83. Adjemian, 2002, J. Power Sources, 109, 356, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00086-1 · DOI · Paper page
  84. Adjemian, 2002, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, A256, 10.1149/1.1445431 · DOI · Paper page
  85. Arico, 1998, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1, 66, 10.1149/1.1390638 · DOI · Paper page
  86. Alberti, G.; Casciola, M. Proton Conductors,Solids,Membranes and Gels−Materials and Devices; Colomban, Ph., Ed.; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1992.
  87. Alberti, 1996, Adv. Mater., 8, 291, 10.1002/adma.19960080405 · doi:10.1002/adma.19960080405
  88. Clearfield, 1964, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 26, 117, 10.1016/0022-1902(64)80238-4 · DOI
  89. Clearfield, 1969, Inorg. Chem., 8, 431, 10.1021/ic50073a005 · doi:10.1021/ic50073a005
  90. Alberti, 1997, Solid State Ionics, 97, 177, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00070-2 · DOI
  91. Abe, 1996, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 144, 10.1149/1.1836399 · doi:10.1149/1.1836399
  92. Glipa, 1997, Solid State Ionics, 97, 227, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00064-7 · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00064-7
  93. Alberti, 1978, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 40, 1113, 10.1016/0022-1902(78)80520-X · doi:10.1016/0022-1902(78)80520-x
  94. Yamanaka, 1976, Inorg. Chem., 15, 2811, 10.1021/ic50165a049 · doi:10.1021/ic50165a049
  95. Yamanaka, 1979, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 45, 10.1016/0022-1902(79)80391-7 · doi:10.1016/0022-1902(79)80391-7
  96. Alberti, G.; Casciola, M.; Costantino, U.; Vivani, R. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 291. · doi:10.1002/adma.19960080405
  97. Alberti, 1992, Solid State Ionics, 58, 339, 10.1016/0167-2738(92)90138-F · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(92)90138-f
  98. Alberti, 1992, Solid State Ionics, 50, 315, 10.1016/0167-2738(92)90235-H · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(92)90235-h
  99. Stein, 1996, Solid State Ionics, 83, 113, 10.1016/0167-2738(95)00215-4 · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(95)00215-4
  100. Alberti, 1996, Solid State Ionics, 84, 97, 10.1016/S0167-2738(96)83011-6 · DOI
  101. Klein, 1882, Bull. Soc. Chim., 70, 423
  102. Keggin, 1933, Nature, 131, 908, 10.1038/131908b0 · doi:10.1038/131908b0
  103. Nakamura, 1981, Solid State Ionics, 3
  104. Nakamura, 1979, Chem. Lett., 17, 10.1246/cl.1979.17 · doi:10.1246/cl.1979.17
  105. Kucernak, A. R. J.; Barnett, C. J.; Burstein, G. T.; Williams, K. R. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel Cell Systems, Montreal, Canada, 1995; Electrochemical Society, Inc.: Pennington, NJ, 1995; p 337.
  106. Giordano, 1996, Electrochim. Acta, 41, 397, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00316-9 · DOI
  107. Giordano, 1997, Electrochim. Acta, 42, 645, 10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00279-4 · doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(96)00279-4
  108. Staiti, 1997, J. Power Sources, 65, 281, 10.1016/S0378-7753(97)81549-2 · doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(97)81549-2
  109. Staiti, 1997, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 22, 809, 10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00222-4 · doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(96)00222-4
  110. Baranov, 1982, JETP Lett., 36, 381
  111. Ponomareva, 1996, Solid State Ionics, 90, 161, 10.1016/S0167-2738(96)00410-9 · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(96)00410-9
  112. Ponolqtareva, 1998, Inorg. Mater., 34, 1136
  113. Ponomareva, 1998, Solid State Ionics, 106, 137, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00482-7 · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00482-7
  114. Crisholm, 2000, Solid State Ionics, 136
  115. Haile, 1995, Solid State Ionics, 77, 128, 10.1016/0167-2738(94)00291-Y · DOI
  116. Haile, 2001, Nature, 410, 910, 10.1038/35073536 · DOI · Paper page
  117. Boysen, 2000, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 3610, 10.1149/1.1393947 · doi:10.1149/1.1393947
  118. Mikhaienko, 1998, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 94, 1613, 10.1039/a708622i · doi:10.1039/a708622i
  119. Mikhaienko, 1999, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 2, 161
  120. Staiti, 2001, Solid State Ionics, 145, 101, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00919-5 · DOI
  121. Dimitrova, 2002, Solid State Ionics, 150, 115, 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00267-9 · DOI · Paper page
  122. Tiwari, 2000, Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci., 7, 35
  123. Costamagna, 2002, Electrochim. Acta, 47, 1023, 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00829-5 · DOI · Paper page
  124. Tiwari, 1998, Thermochim. Acta, 317, 175, 10.1016/S0040-6031(98)00387-6 · DOI
  125. Park, 2000, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 19, 1621, 10.1023/A:1006749706972 · DOI
  126. Park, Y.-I.; Kim, J.-D.; Nagai, M. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 600; Zhang, Q. M., Furukawa, T., Bar-Cohen, Y., Scheinbeim, J., Eds.; Materials Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 2000; p 299.
  127. Tazi, 2000, Electrochim. Acta, 45, 4329, 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00536-3 · DOI · Paper page
  128. Dimitrova, 2002, Solid State Ionics, 150, 115, 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00267-9 · DOI · Paper page
  129. Wiley, 1966, J. Polym. Sci. Part A, 4, 1892, 10.1002/pol.1966.150040724 · doi:10.1002/pol.1966.150040724
  130. Wiley, 1965, J. Polym. Sci. Part A, 3, 1063, 10.1002/pol.1965.100030318 · doi:10.1002/pol.1965.100030318
  131. Akovali, 1986, Polymer, 27, 1277, 10.1016/0032-3861(86)90019-4 · doi:10.1016/0032-3861(86)90019-4
  132. Carretta, 2000, J. Membr. Sci., 166, 189, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00258-6 · DOI · Paper page
  133. Garcia, 1992, J. Appl. Electrochem., 22, 204, 10.1007/BF01030179 · doi:10.1007/bf01030179
  134. Hong, 2000, J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 38, 1530, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000601)38:11%3C1530::AID-POLB130%3E3.0.CO;2-X · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(20000601)38:11<1530::aid-polb130>3.0.co;2-x
  135. Gupta, 1993, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50, 2129, 10.1002/app.1993.070501212 · DOI
  136. Gupta, 1994, Chimia, 48, 127, 10.2533/chimia.1994.127 · DOI
  137. Glipa, 1997, Solid State Ionics, 97, 323, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00032-5 · DOI · Paper page
  138. Gupta, 1994, Polym. Adv. Technol., 5, 493, 10.1002/pat.1994.220050905 · doi:10.1002/pat.1994.220050905
  139. Kuhn, H.; Gubler, L.; Schmidt, T. J.; Scherer, G. G.; Brack, H.-P.; Simbek, K.; Rager, T.; Geiger, F. Proceedings of the 2nd European PEFC Forum, June 30−July 4, 2003, Lucerne, Switzerland; p 69.
  140. Flint, 1997, Solid State Ionics, 97, 299, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00037-4 · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00037-4
  141. Hietala, 1997, J. Mater. Chem., 7, 721, 10.1039/a607675k · DOI
  142. Hietala, 1998, J. Mater. Chem., 8, 1127, 10.1039/a708288f · DOI
  143. Holmberg, 1998, Polym. Adv. Technol., 9, 121, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199802)9:2%3C121::AID-PAT724%3E3.0.CO;2-M · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1581(199802)9:2<121::aid-pat724>3.0.co;2-m
  144. Ostrovskii, D. I.; Torell, L. M.; Paronen, M.; Hietala, S.; Sundholm, F. Solid State Ionics 1997, 97, 315. · DOI
  145. Hietala, 2000, J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 38, 3277, 10.1002/1099-0488(20001215)38:24%3C3277::AID-POLB90%3E3.0.CO;2-O · DOI
  146. Hietala, 1999, J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 37, 2893, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19991015)37:20%3C2893::AID-POLB9%3E3.0.CO;2-4 · DOI
  147. Torkkeli, 2000, J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 38, 1734, 10.1002/1099-0488(20000701)38:13%3C1734::AID-POLB70%3E3.0.CO;2-Z · doi:10.1002/1099-0488(20000701)38:13<1734::aid-polb70>3.0.co;2-z
  148. Lehtinen, 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1881, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10005-6 · DOI · Paper page
  149. Stone, C.; Hu, L. Q.; Daynard, T.; Mah, C.; Steck, A. E. Extended Abstracts of the 3rd International Symposium on New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 4−8, 1999; pp 238−239.
  150. Steck, A.; Stone, C. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel-Cell and Modern Battery Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 6−10, 1997; Savadogo, O., Roberge, P. R., Eds.; pp 792−807.
  151. Brinker, C. H.; Scherer, G. Sol − gel Science; Academic Press: London, 1990.
  152. Hench, 1990, Chem. Rev., 90, 33, 10.1021/cr00099a003 · DOI · Paper page
  153. Schmidt, 1985, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 73, 681, 10.1016/0022-3093(85)90388-6 · DOI
  154. Hooper, 1999, Organometallics, 18, 3249, 10.1021/om990261l · DOI
  155. Shibata, 2000, Eur. Polym. J., 36, 485, 10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00101-9 · DOI
  156. Zhang, 2000, Electrochim. Acta, 45, 2131, 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00435-1 · DOI
  157. Hooper, 2001, Macromolecules, 34, 931, 10.1021/ma0018446 · DOI
  158. Popall, 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1155, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10014-7 · doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(97)10014-7
  159. Skaarup, 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1589, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10058-5 · doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(97)10058-5
  160. Popall, 2001, Electrochim. Acta, 46, 1499, 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00745-3 · doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00745-3
  161. Gautier-Luneau, 1992, Electrochim. Acta, 37, 1615, 10.1016/0013-4686(92)80122-3 · DOI
  162. Popall, 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 2305, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00183-F · DOI
  163. Depre, 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1301, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10034-2 · DOI
  164. Child, 1994, Macromolecules, 27, 1975, 10.1021/ma00085a050 · doi:10.1021/ma00085a050
  165. Rulkens, 1994, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 15, 669, 10.1002/marc.1994.030150902 · doi:10.1002/marc.1994.030150902
  166. Jin, 1985, Br. Polymer J., 17, 4, 10.1002/pi.4980170102 · doi:10.1002/pi.4980170102
  167. Lee, 1984, J. Polym. Sci. Polym., 22, 295, 10.1002/pol.1984.170220202 · doi:10.1002/pol.1984.170220202
  168. Bailly, 1987, J. Polymers, 28, 1009, 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90178-9 · DOI
  169. Nolte, 1993, J. Membr. Sci., 83, 211, 10.1016/0376-7388(93)85268-2 · DOI · Paper page
  170. Noshay, 1976, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 20, 1885, 10.1002/app.1976.070200717 · DOI · Paper page
  171. Johnson, 1984, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 22, 721
  172. Litter, 1985, J. Polym. Sci. Polym., 23, 2205, 10.1002/pol.1985.170230811 · doi:10.1002/pol.1985.170230811
  173. Kerres, 1996, J. Polym. Sci., Part A, 34, 2421, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19960915)34:12%3C2421::AID-POLA17%3E3.0.CO;2-A · DOI
  174. Glipa, 1997, Solid State Ionics, 97, 323, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00032-5 · DOI · Paper page
  175. Genies, 2001, Polymer, 42, 359, 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00384-0 · DOI · Paper page
  176. Chen, 1996, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 61, 1205, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960815)61:7%3C1205::AID-APP16%3E3.0.CO;2-W · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19960815)61:7<1205::aid-app16>3.0.co;2-w
  177. Kerres, 1998, J. Membr. Sci., 139, 211, 10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00253-6 · DOI · Paper page
  178. Deimede, 2000, J. Macromolecules, 33, 7609, 10.1021/ma000165s · DOI · Paper page
  179. Hasiotis, 2001, Electrochim. Acta, 46, 2401, 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00437-6 · DOI
  180. Lufrano, 2000, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 77, 1250, 10.1002/1097-4628(20000808)77:6%3C1250::AID-APP9%3E3.0.CO;2-R · doi:10.1002/1097-4628(20000808)77:6<1250::aid-app9>3.0.co;2-r
  181. Bauer, 2000, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 3, 93
  182. Trotta, 1998, J. Polym. Sci., 70, 477
  183. Shibuya, 1992, Macromolecules, 25, 6495, 10.1021/ma00050a017 · DOI
  184. Kobayashi, 1998, Solid State Ionics, 106, 219, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00512-2 · DOI
  185. Staiti, 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 188, 71, 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00359-3 · DOI · Paper page
  186. Vallejo, 1999, J. Power Sources, 160, 127
  187. Gunduz, 2000, Polym. Prepr., 41, 182
  188. Guo, 2002, Macromolecules, 35, 6707, 10.1021/ma020260w · DOI
  189. Ramya, 2001, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 4, 115
  190. Bae, 2002, Solid State Ionics, 147, 189, 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00011-5 · DOI · Paper page
  191. Gieselman, 1993, Macromolecules, 26, 5633, 10.1021/ma00073a016 · doi:10.1021/ma00073a016
  192. Miyatake, 1996, Macromolecules, 29, 6969, 10.1021/ma960768x · DOI
  193. Hruszka, 1992, Polymer, 33, 248, 10.1016/0032-3861(92)90980-B · doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90980-b
  194. Kosmala, 2002, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 85, 1118, 10.1002/app.10632 · DOI
  195. Miyatake, 1997, Macromolecules, 30, 2941, 10.1021/ma961830t · doi:10.1021/ma961830t
  196. Kopitzke, 1998, J. Polym. Sci., 36, 1197, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199805)36:7%3C1197::AID-POLA17%3E3.0.CO;2-2 · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(199805)36:7<1197::aid-pola17>3.0.co;2-2
  197. Guo, 1999, J. Polym. Sci., 154, 175
  198. Genova-Dimitrova, 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 59, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00634-7 · DOI · Paper page
  199. Baradie, 1998, J. Power Sources, 74, 8, 10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02816-4 · DOI
  200. Lufrano, 2001, Solid State Ionics, 145, 47, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00912-2 · DOI · Paper page

200 of 273 shown

Cited by

See all 1,689

Metadata

Authors
Li, Q., He, R., Jensen, J. O., & Bjerrum, N. J.
Venue
Chemistry of Materials
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2003-12-01
Volume
15
Issue
26
Pages
4896-4915
ISSN
  • 0897-4756 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5002
DOI
10.1021/cm0310519
OpenAlex
W2159898685
Cited by
1,689
References
13
FWCI
45.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence
pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_termsofuse.html (vor, 4663 d)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/cm0310519
The paper
Li, Q., He, R., Jensen, J. O., & Bjerrum, N. J. (2003). Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C. Chemistry of Materials. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0310519

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.