The DOI matches its Crossref record; 409 of the 412 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 289 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity
Open accessAbstract
A scientific review addresses the current development of size-dependent, shape-selected, and composition-controlled carbon-supported Pt-alloy electrocatalysts for enhancing electrochemical catalytic performance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It starts with an overview of carbon support in carbon-supported Pt-alloy electrocatalysts and proceeds to the theoretical studies on the impact of Pt-alloy particle size, shape, and composition, and the experimental research on the particle size, shape, and composition of Pt-alloy catalysts. It particularly emphasizes on strategies to control particle size, shape, composition, and their impacts on catalyst activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
16 of 289 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The formation of Ptalloying can result in two key changes favorable to the enhancement of Pt-alloy catalysts.One is that the alloying of Pt might change the electronic properties of Pt while the other is that the adsorption properties of Pt may be altered by alloying Pt, which is closely related to ORR. 133”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.3. Impact of Pt-Alloy Composition on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [133] Bing Y., 2010, Chem. Soc. Rev. source
Section 3.2 (p. 10) states that alloying Pt with base metals may alter platinum’s adsorption properties and enhance Pt-alloy catalyst activity. Section 2.1 (p. 5) links changed adsorption properties after Pt alloying to enhanced ORR electrocatalytic activity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The formation of Ptalloying can result in two key changes favorable to the enhancement of Pt-alloy catalysts.One is that the alloying of Pt might change the electronic properties of Pt while the other is that the adsorption properties of Pt may be altered by alloying Pt, which is closely related to ORR. 133”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.3. Impact of Pt-Alloy Composition on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [133] Bing Y., 2010, Chem. Soc. Rev. source
Section 3.2 (p. 10) explicitly says that alloying Pt with base metals might change platinum's electronic properties. It also describes altered adsorption properties as a second possible change relevant to catalyst activity. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition to the use of protecting agents, pH control is another strategy that can help to control particle size in the synthesis of Pt-based nanoparticle catalysts.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.2. pH Control.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [223] Shimazaki Y., 2005, J. Colloid Interface Sci. source
- Partly supportedcites [224] Abedini A., 2013, Nanoscale Res. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Effects of synthesis parameters' section says that pH during irradiation synthesis helps determine metallic nanoparticle size, supporting the general strategy. The paper does not establish this specifically for Pt-based nanoparticle catalysts; its 'Effect of pH of the medium' section discusses copper ions and silver clusters instead. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It was found that controlling the composition by fine-tuning the stoichiometric ratio of all the metal precursors (i.e., the ratio of Pt to other metals) had direct impacts on the ORR activity, the selectivity, and the durability of Pt-alloy catalysts.147,[425][426][427][428][429][430]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6.3. Effect of Composition on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [147] Stamenkovic V. R., 2007, Science source
- Partly supportedcites [425] Zhang S., 2014, J. Am. Chem. Soc. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (p. 3) links alloy composition to desirable ORR catalytic properties, including activity, durability and selectivity. The experiments (pp. 3–5), however, tune Ni core size rather than the Pt-to-other-metal precursor ratio; they report activity differences and a stability test, but do not show that fine-tuning precursor stoichiometry directly changes selectivity or durability. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [426] Hernández-Fernández P., 2007, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They found that after dealloying the Pt:Cu molar ratio had changed from 0.3 to 1.8 due to the removal of copper in the dealloying process.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [281] Dutta I., 2010, J. Phys. Chem. C source
The Results and Discussion section (“Synthesis and Chemical Characterization”) states that the as-reduced and annealed materials had a Pt-to-Cu molar ratio of 0.3, and that dealloying removed a significant fraction of copper, yielding a Pt/Cu ratio of 1.8. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, the large-scale implementation of fuel cell technology for use in commercial residential or transportation applications is hindered largely by the high cost associated with platinumbased electrocatalysts, 12,13 which account for over 55% of the total cost.14”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“At the current stage of technology, Pt-based nanoparticles, 15 which are usually supported on porous carbon particles, are the only electrocatalysts presently used in applied PEMFCs, since among all pure metals, platinum supported on carbon has the highest catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] Appleby, A. J.InThe Electrocatalysis of Fuel Cell Reactions;Dudley, R.; O’Grady, W.; Srinivasan, S., Eds.; The Electrochemical Society Softbound Proceedings Series, PV 79–2, Princeton, NJ, 1979; p23.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“At the current stage of technology, Pt-based nanoparticles, 15 which are usually supported on porous carbon particles, are the only electrocatalysts presently used in applied PEMFCs, since among all pure metals, platinum supported on carbon has the highest catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Alloying has become an attractive strategy to develop advanced Pt-based electrocatalysts, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] in which the addition of another metal can form a Pt alloy 30 and thus alter the availability of active surface sites (the ensemble effect) or the binding strength of reactants, intermediates, products, and spectator species (the electronic and/or strain effect).31”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“To some extent, the loading method of Pt-alloy on carbon support, coupled with the quality of the raw materials, can determine the catalytic properties of the final product.91”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.2. Loading Methods of Pt-Alloy on Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Perego C., 1997, Catal. Today source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 100
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, high-temperature heat treatment can cause agglomeration of particles, reduction of specific surface area, and broadening of particle size distribution.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.4. Heat Treatment.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [234] Singh B., 2012, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Glucose electro-oxidation studies” (page unavailable), the paper says heat treatment can increase particle size and thereby reduce catalyst active area, supporting the surface-area concern in substance. It does not establish that high-temperature treatment causes agglomeration or broadens the particle-size distribution; it reports treatment at 450 °C without agglomeration and cites improved particle distribution at 400–550 °C. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Disputedcites [235] Sheng W., 2011, J. Electrochem. Soc. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the XPS results section (page not provided), the paper reports that increasing heat-treatment temperature from 300°C to 600°C caused no substantial change in Pt nanoparticle size or dispersion. It describes the resulting particles as well dispersed, contrary to attributing heat-induced agglomeration and a broadened size distribution to this study. The passage does not report a reduction in specific surface area from heat treatment. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [236] Chandan A., 2013, J. Power Sources source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Dealloying resulted in an increase in mass activity from 0.21 to 0.29 A mg -1 Pt at 0.90 V, and an increase in specific activity from 300 to 580 A cm -2 Pt .”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [281] Dutta I., 2010, J. Phys. Chem. C sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (RDE measurements; page unavailable) say that dealloying increased mass activity but that specific activity at 0.90 V slightly trailed the annealed sample—not that it rose from 300 to 580. The catalyst-development discussion (page unavailable) reports a dealloyed mass activity of 0.34 A/mg Pt, rather than the claimed 0.29 A/mg Pt. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The detailed degradation mechanisms 116,117 revealed the transportation of Pt ions through liquid and/or ionomer and the transportation of electrons through carbon support, respectively.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.4. Impact of Carbon Support on Catalyst Stability
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Paulus U. A., 2002, Electrochim. Acta source
- Partly supportedcites [117] Ralph T. R., 2002, Platinum Met. Rev. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Carbon black Supports passage (section labeled References; page unavailable) says the carbon support must provide high electrical conductivity, which supports the electron-transport part in general. The Stability passage describes base-metal ions leaching into the membrane, not Pt ions moving through liquid or ionomer. Neither passage establishes the claimed detailed degradation mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They found that alloying with Ru can cause electronic effects on the Pt such as an increase in the number of Pt d band vacancies and a decrease in the Pt-Pt distance.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [81] McBreen J., 1995, J. Electrochem. Soc. source
The Results and Discussion section states that alloying with Ru increases Pt d-band vacancies. The Pt EXAFS section states that alloying with Ru decreases the Pt–Pt bond distance; it also reports increased vacancies alongside bond-length contraction at 0.0 V. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In Pt alloys, Pt tends to congregate in the first layer and then be induced to form a surface strain, which strongly influences its reactivity, depending on the type of transition metal(s) in the alloy.133”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.1. Impact of Pt-Alloy Particle Size on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [133] Bing Y., 2010, Chem. Soc. Rev. source
Section 2.3 (p. 9) states that Pt tends to congregate in the first layer of Pt alloys, introducing surface strain that strongly affects reactivity. It also says the magnitude of the effect depends on the transition metal. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“High reaction temperature and a high degree of solute supersaturation (i.e., the ratio of saturation solute concentrations to equilibrium solute concentration) can accelerate nucleation.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.1. Importance of Particle Size and Distribution
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [194] Volmer M., 1926, Phys. C
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [195] Volmer, M. Kinetic der Phasbildung, Dresden, Steinfopff, Leipzig , 1939.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [196] Becker R., 1935, Ann. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the crystal-growth discussion (page unavailable), the paper says that, unless supersaturation is too high, a considerable time elapses before a new nucleus forms. That supports the supersaturation part for vapor, but the copy does not establish that high reaction temperature accelerates nucleation or address supersaturation defined by solute concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sui et al. 334 successfully synthesized PtFe nanotubes using AAO membrane as a hard template.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.3. Templating Approaches.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [334] Sui Y. C., 2004, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
In “Nanotube magnetism” (page not available in our copy), Sui et al. report producing FePt nanotubes by hydrogen reduction in the pores of porous alumina templates. This supports the citing sentence’s description of template-based synthesis; the paper writes the alloy as FePt rather than PtFe and calls the template porous alumina rather than AAO. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Shao's group believed that PEO segments in the PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer were able to reduce metal ions, thus forming cavities (pseudocrown ethers) binding PdCl 42-from the starting precursors: the bound PdCl 4 2-ions might then be reduced via oxidation of the oxyethylene segments by the metal center.311,312”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [311] Alexandridis P., 2011, Eur. Polym. J. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [312] Piao Y., 2007, Small source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Carbon-supported Pt-alloy systems are known as solid solutions of Pt and other metal(s), among which carbonsupported Pt-based bimetallic alloys are popular electrocatalysts in PEMFCs.13,57,396,397”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Gasteiger H. A., 2005, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Yu X., 2007, J. Power Sources source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [396] Brouzgou A., 2012, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
- Partly supportedcites [397] Kulesza P. J., 2013, Electrochim. Acta sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 says Pt and Ru can form a solid solution in a binary alloy, depending on their ratio; it does not say that Pt alloys generally are solid solutions. Sections 1 and 3 discuss Pt-based bimetallic electrocatalysts for fuel-cell reactions, but do not establish that carbon-supported Pt-based bimetallic alloys are popular in PEMFCs. Section 7 discusses a carbon-supported Pt–ceria material for PEMFCs, not a bimetallic alloy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The composition of Pt increased from 20 to 29 wt % while the Cu content decreased from 20 to 5.4 wt %.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [281] Dutta I., 2010, J. Phys. Chem. C sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results and Discussion, under “Synthesis and Chemical Characterization” (page not available), the paper says dealloying removed a significant fraction of Cu and raised the Pt/Cu molar ratio from 0.3 to 1.8. That supports the reported change in composition, but the available passage does not give the claimed weight percentages; it points to Table 1 for metal contents. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the cathode loading of 0.077-0.37mg Pt cm -2 in the MEA, the tested current density was found to be dependent on some factors such as temperature, pressure, and relative humidity (RH).”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 7. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY ELECTROCATALYSTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these approaches, wet chemical synthesis has been employed the most.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Alloying has become an attractive strategy to develop advanced Pt-based electrocatalysts, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] in which the addition of another metal can form a Pt alloy 30 and thus alter the availability of active surface sites (the ensemble effect) or the binding strength of reactants, intermediates, products, and spectator species (the electronic and/or strain effect).31”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are among the most promising candidates for the reliable and efficient conversion of hydrogen, produced from fossil or renewable sources, into electric power in automotive, distributed power generation, and portable electronic applications on a large scale.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“They concluded that the specific surface area of the support as well as the oxygen surface groups affected the particle size and dispersion and catalytic performance.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.3. Impact of Carbon Support on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] Limpattayanate S., 2014, Renew. Energy source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It is well-known that carbon support is not a mere inert material 69 and it can alter the system's Galvani potential, raise the electronic density in the catalysts, and lower the Fermi level, which favor the electron transfer at the electrodeelectrolyte interface and thus accelerate the electrode processes.57,70”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was concluded that Vulcan carbon provided significantly higher active surface area probably due to a good interaction of Pt-Pd with Vulcan than with HSAG even though the later had a higher surface area than the former.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.3. Impact of Carbon Support on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [109] Gamez, A.; Richard, D.; Gallezot, P.InResume des Journees d’Etude Piles a Combustible;Paris, France, 1999; p401.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This was further supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies that showed Pt as an electron donor to carbon and their interaction was dependent on the Fermi-level of electrons in both Pt and carbon.74”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Coloma F., 1996, Appl. Catal., A source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The surface physicochemical properties and the structure of carbon materials play an important role on the activity and the stability of the resultant carbon supported Ptalloy catalysts because the interaction between carbon and Ptalloy can modify the physicochemical and electronic structure of Pt-alloy which in turn influences the catalytic activity and durability.[61][62][63][64][65]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61][62][63][64][65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“They found a further shift to higher energy values for the Pt 4f 7/2 of PtRu/C by 0.2-0.3eV with respect to pure Pt/C because of an enhanced Ptcarbon interaction or smaller Pt particle size.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Antolini E., 2001, J. Solid State Electrochem. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the research on carbon-supported Pt-alloy catalysts, more and more attention has been paid to the interaction between Pt-alloy and carbon support which affects the growth, the structure, and the dispersion of Pt-alloy nanoparticles on the carbon support 57,[66][67][68] and is closely related to the size, shape, and composition of Pt-alloy nanoparticles.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 57,[66][67][68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to Bogotski and Snudkin, 84 however, the rise in electron density on Pt-alloy could be attributed to carbon support synergism on the basis of changes in the electronic state of Pt after its deposition, thus enhancing the electrocatalytic activity.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Bogotski V. S., 1984, Electrochim. Acta source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With all three carbon-supported Pt-Pd catalysts being prepared by a seeding and impregnation method, the Pt-Pd/Vulcan XC-72 showed a better catalyst dispersion, smaller particle size (∼6.78nm), a higher Pt:Pd ratio ( 49.6:50.4),and the highest ORR activity under the PEM fuel cell testing condition.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.3. Impact of Carbon Support on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] Limpattayanate S., 2014, Renew. Energy source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After the observation by using a combination of XPS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and ESR measurements on a carbon-supported PtRu system, Goodenough and Manoharan 80 concluded that the synergistic catalytic effect could be attributed to an intra-alloy electron transfer from Ru to Pt.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Goodenough J. B., 1989, Chem. Mater. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It can be concluded from the discussion above that the electrons in a carbon supported Pt-alloy system have been proved to transfer not only within Pt-alloy, but also from Ptalloy to carbon.[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The carbon support may not only modify the electronic character of the Pt-alloy 52 but also influence the shape and distribution of the deposited Pt-alloy particles.102,103”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.3. Impact of Carbon Support on ORR Activity
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The strong wetting interaction for the alloy can modify the morphology of the particles at the metalcarbon interface, likely altering the alloy electronic structure and contributing to the 1.8 fold enhanced ORR activity over pure Pt.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.1. Interaction of Pt-Alloy with Carbon Support
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Slanac D. A., 2012, Electrochim. Acta source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inspite of the positive impact of carbon on the catalytic activity, the reported oxidation of carbon support may cause a severe sintering/agglomeration of Pt-alloy nanoparticles under longterm fuel cell operation 110,111 and thus the decrease of electrocatalytic surface area, resulting in the degradation of catalyst and the decrease of catalytic activity and fuel cell performance.3,[112][113][114]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.4. Impact of Carbon Support on Catalyst Stability
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Well-defined shapes of Pt-based nanocatalysts can mimic the catalytic property of the bulk metal but exhibit superior catalytic activity due to the manipulation of crystal facet 147,148 that allow the fine-tuning of both the selectivity and the reactivity for many major catalytic reactions, so as to achieve high catalytic performance.[149][150][151][152]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.2. Impact of Pt-Alloy Particle Shape on ORR Activity
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“To date, many carbon-supported Pt-alloy catalysts (PtM/C, M = Co, 159,160 Ni, 161 Cu, 159 Fe, [162][163][164] Cr, 165 Au, 166 Pd, 167,168 W, 169 etc.) have been successfully synthesized.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.3. Impact of Pt-Alloy Composition on ORR Activity
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Pt supported carbon particles are prone to degradation during fuel starvation due to the reaction (C + 2H 2 O → CO 2 +4 H + +4 e -) while the oxidation of carbon is catalyzed by the presence of Pt. 118”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.4. Impact of Carbon Support on Catalyst Stability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118] Passalacqua, E.; Vivaldi, M.; Giordano, N.; Anotonucci, P. L.; Kinoshita, K. Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conf. ; 1992; Vol.929294, pp3.425–3.431.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In addition, it is suggested that a nanostructure with high-index facets exhibits higher catalytic activity than common nanostructures with low-index facets because more atoms are added at the former's steps, edges, and kinks.148,[156][157][158]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.2. Impact of Pt-Alloy Particle Shape on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 148,[156][157][158]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, catalyst sintering or agglomeration is another problem for the reduction of fuel cell durability because the catalyst sintering could reduce the electroactive surface area of the Pt catalyst, lower the Pt utilization, and degrade its catalytic activity.115”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.4. Impact of Carbon Support on Catalyst Stability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [115] Garland, N.Fuel Cells Plenary; 2008 DOE Hydrogen Program Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting, 2008.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The carbon support can be converted to CO 2 and Pt may be lost from the electrode, leading to loss of fuel cell performance.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 2.4. Impact of Carbon Support on Catalyst Stability
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“They found that, with increasing particle size, the catalytic rate per surface site of Au particles sharply increased, whereas a decrease was observed for Pt particles as the particle size decreased.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.1. Impact of Pt-Alloy Particle Size on ORR Activity
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that the catalytic properties were determined by the thickness of the Pt skeleton layer, which depended on the initial composition of the Pt-bimetallic alloy catalysts.173”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [173] Wang C., 2011, Adv. Funct. Mater. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, the relationship between electrocatalytic activity and alloy composition in Pt-alloy catalysts does not follow a simple monotonic trend, since the concentration of different alloying elements can substantially affect the catalytic performance due to the resulting changes in intrinsic properties (e.g., electronic structure and surface segregation).147,170”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.3. Impact of Pt-Alloy Composition on ORR Activity
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been reported that carbon-supported Pt alloy can achieve at least two to four times greater ORR activity compared to Pt/C catalysts, due to a positive shift in the onset potential for OH ads formation on the alloy catalyst.13,[123][124][125][126]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3. THEORETICAL STUDIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 13,[123][124][125][126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the addition of a metal (M), the Pt content in the catalyst decreases, as does the cost of materials.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.3. Impact of Pt-Alloy Composition on ORR Activity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The moderately compressed {111} facets were most conducive to ORR on small nanoparticles, which could result in the compressive strain effect and thus enhance the ORR activity.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 3.2. Impact of Pt-Alloy Particle Shape on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [155] Wang J.-X., 2009, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As a result, the precious metal is prone to nucleate first and grow into separate nanoparticles or form Pt-rich regions in the product.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.1. Importance of Particle Size and Distribution
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Steric stabilization is the other mechanism (Figure 5B), 205 which can be achieved by the coordination of sterically demanding nonionic surfactants or polymers that produce strong repulsion between particles and droplets as protective shields on a metallic surface.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [205] L. D. Pachón L. D., 2008, Appl. Organometal. Chem. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, the size of the CTABmediated Pt 3 Co x /C catalyst increased only slightly from 2.2 to 2.8 nm, because it had a lower annealing temperature of 250 °C, at which agglomeration was not induced.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [218] Kim J.-W., 2011, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Electrostatic stabilization is one of the mechanisms: the attraction of van der Waals forces is counterbalanced by the repulsion of the Coulomb forces acting between the negatively charged colloidal particles”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [206] Ozkar S., 2002, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They found that the particle sizes of 40 wt % Pt 3 Co x /C were smaller than those of commercial 40 wt %Pt/C; when the amount of stabilizer was 15 times the total moles of Pt and Co, the order of sizes was commercial ( 3.3 nm) > SA-15 (2.7 nm) > TOAB-15 (2.5 nm) > OAM-15 (2.2 nm)”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [218] Kim J.-W., 2011, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The two main mechanisms for stabilization against aggregation 205,206 are shown in Figure 5.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The average size of the obtained Pt-Ni particles was approximately 3.4 nm, regardless of heat treatment, since 300 °C was not sufficient to sinter carbon-supported Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles and thus resulted in incomplete alloying (∼35%).”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [207] Jeon T.–Y., 2009, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Lamer's plot, 181 both a fast nucleation step and gradual growth on formed nuclei can result in a monodispersed and homogeneous alloy nanomaterial, which is particularly advantageous for the synthesis of Pt-alloy nanoparticles with high catalytic activity.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.1. Importance of Particle Size and Distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [181] Lamer V. K., 1950, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, protective agents are used to stabilize nanostructured colloidal metal and prevent agglomeration.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [202] Bönnemann H., 2004, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Systems
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [203] Bönnemann H., 2004, Chem. Ind. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] Zhou J., 2009, J. Colloid Interface Sci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In particular, the three carboxyl anions of CA can be adsorbed onto the surface of metal particles and exert either hydrophobic or Coulombic effects on the particles, thereby stabilizing nanoparticles.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [211] Ozkar S., 2002, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It was thus concluded that CTAB is the most appropriate stabilizer for the fabrication of the Pt 3 Co x /C catalyst because the dispersion of Pt-Co particles on the carbon support is much more uniform than in a commercial Pt/C catalyst.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [218] Kim J.-W., 2011, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to classical nucleation theory, three key variables control the rate of nucleation: temperature, surface free energy, and degree of supersaturation.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.1. Importance of Particle Size and Distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Peng Z., 2009, Nano Today source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, some polymers, including PVP, bind too strongly bound to the nanoparticle surface to be removed, which can result in decreased catalytic performance.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [222] Li H., 2007, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It should be mentioned that as a stabilizer, SA was helpful in protecting the formed nanoparticles, which had a controlled size and shape, as no marked changes in their shape or size were observed during the TEM analysis after heat treatment.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.1. Protective Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [207] Jeon T.–Y., 2009, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Plane (111) has the lowest surface energy while plane (110) has the highest.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.1. Importance of Particle Shape
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [273] Yang H., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [274] Bönnemanna H., 2010, Appl. Organometal. Chem. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, increasing the proportion of the second metal does not monotonically reduce the size of Pt-alloy nanoparticles; their size also often depends on the reaction conditions (e.g., the synthesis method and heat treatment), in addition to the type of second metal and its content.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.3. Composition.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the degree of alloying can be controlled by adjusting the heat treatment temperature, even though high temperature may increase the particle size.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.4. Heat Treatment.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the shapes of the Pt nanoparticles shown in Figure 12, 12 the shapes of the Pt alloys seem to lack variety, probably because, on the one hand, it is not easy to control particle shape in the synthesis of Pt alloys supported on carbon, and on the other hand, only a few of the expected shapes of Pt alloys can achieve high catalytic activity.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.1. Importance of Particle Shape
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was found that when the amount of urea in the starting Pt-salt aqueous solution was increased the size of the Pt complex species decreased, as did that of the metallic Pt nanoparticles”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.2. pH Control.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Fang B., 2009, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was observed that the addition of Fe (at atomic ratios of Pt to Fe from 3:1 to 1:6) could effectively prevent Pt particles from agglomerating and decrease the particle size of Pt-Fe/C from 4.4 to 3.2 nm, based on the Pt (220) diffraction peak in XRD spectra.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.2.3. Composition.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The area-specific ORR activities of Nafion-coated PtM/ C catalysts in O 2 -saturated 0.1 M HClO 4 solution were found to be 1.3 to 1.8 times higher than that of Pt/C, with the ORR activity increasing in the order of Pt/C < PtNi/C < PtFe/C < PtCo/C < PtV/C < PtCr/C.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 4.3. Effect of Particle Size on ORR Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [255] Yano H., 2007, Langmuir source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Electrocatalytic activity is shape-dependent, since the electrocatalytic reaction is sensitive to catalyst structure and the reaction rate varies significantly with catalyst shape and/or crystallographic facets.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY PARTICLE SHAPE
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spherical Pd nanocrystals with an average particle size of 4.96 nm were observed in TEM images.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Novel-shaped nanoparticles often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3. Effect of Particle Shape on ORR Activity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Binary Ptbased nanocrystals have been extensively investigated since they are highly tunable and are superior to their monometallic counterparts.[300][301][302]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [300][301][302]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In other words, the morphology of the nanocrystals can be well controlled once a capping agent is selectively adsorbed onto the surface of the metal nanoparticles.272”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [272] Tao A. R., 2008, Small source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similar to organic capping agents, inorganic ions and other small molecules can also prevent metal nanoparticle size from increasing and affect the shape of formed metal nanoparticles.[313][314][315][316][317][318][319][320]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.2. Inorganic Ions and Molecules.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [313][314][315][316][317][318][319][320]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In recent years, precise shape-controlled Pt-based alloy electrocatalysts have exhibited great potential to deliver superior ORR activity in PEMFCs and thus have become a leading focus of research.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3. Effect of Particle Shape on ORR Activity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“when hexadecylamine was used as a capping agent, a small portion of cubes was observed (Figure 15a,b) while the use of dodecylamine led to 100% truncated-octahedral nanocrystals of Pt 3 Ni, as shown in Figure 14c.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [288] Wu J., 2010, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Wang et al. reported that a nanocube Pt catalyst was four times more active for the ORR than a Pt nanoparticle, since Pt{111} facets can provide optimal binding energy between platinum atoms and the adsorbed species for ORR.248,341”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wu et al. 288 reported truncated-octahedral Pt 3 Ni (t,o-Pt 3 Ni) catalysts with a particle size of 5-7 nm that had a dominant exposure of {111} facets.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [288] Wu J., 2010, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to the nonhydrolytic system mentioned above, an aqueous solution was used by Shao's group 306 to prepare a sub-10 nm bimetallic core-shell Pd@Pt nanocrystal.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [306] Zhang G., 2013, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both chemical and physical templates can offer confined spaces and/or functionalized structures for the formation and growth of a Pt alloy.[327][328][329][330]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.3. Templating Approaches.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [327][328][329][330]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, shaped Pt-based alloy nanostructures often present unusually high catalytic activity.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3. Effect of Particle Shape on ORR Activity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Moreover, PVP was found to be suitable only as an alternative reducing agent, while formaldehyde was found to have a negative effect on the formation of regularly shaped PtPd nanocrystals due to the possible strong adsorption of several intermediate chemical species, decomposed from formaldehyde, on the (111) surface.321,322”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.2. Inorganic Ions and Molecules.
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to hard templates, soft templates are more common in actual synthesis because they, especially surfactant molecules, can often provide hydrophilic heads and lipophilic long carbon tails favoring the formation of shape-controlled Pt alloys.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.3. Templating Approaches.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On the basis of the relationship between shape and facet in Pt-alloy nanocrystals, well-controlled shapes of Pt-based nanocatalysts can not only retain the catalytic property of the bulk metal but also greatly enhance the catalytic activity because the facet can increase the number of Pt active sites.34,148,[341][342][343][344][345]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 34,148,[341][342][343][344][345]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cheng et al. 335 prepared nest-like Ni 1-x Pt x spheres of submicrometer sizes through a template-replacement route in which poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (PSA) was employed as a soft template.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.3. Templating Approaches.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [335] Cheng F., 2007, Inorg. Chem. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is well-known that organic capping agents play a significant role in the synthesis of shape-controlled colloidal metal nanoparticles.272”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [272] Tao A. R., 2008, Small source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, long hydrophobic carbon chains of organic capping agents can provide a steric barrier to prevent direct contact between relatively high energy metallic surfaces and therefore stabilize the metal nanoparticles.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Typically, inorganic ions such as Br -and I - in a solution of KBr and KI have proven to be as the adsorption/protective agents on the surface of Pt-Pd alloy nanoparticles, favoring the stabilization of the (100) facet and thus the formation of monodispersed sub-10 nm Pt-Pd tetrahedrons and cubes.320”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.2. Inorganic Ions and Molecules.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [320] Yin A.-X., 2011, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A capping agent can be selectively adsorbed onto a specific type of facet, since different crystal facets have different atomic arrangement and electronic structures, which bring about the relative growth rates along particular crystallographic directions.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.2.1. Organic Capping Agents.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since {111} facet has the lowest surface energy among the low-index facets, facecentered cubic (fcc) of crystals always tends to grow along the ⟨100⟩ direction into an octahedron-like shape.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total noble mass-specific activity of Pt/Pd 3 Fe/C was about five times larger than that of Pt/C at 0.8 V, as depicted in Figure 18b, while Pt/Pd/C had an enhancement factor of 3.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.2. Pt Monolayer/Skin.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Among Pt ML electrocatalysts, those using Pd as the substrate were found to be the most active and durable, 358 exhibiting the highest activity, even higher than Pt (111).351,358”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.2. Pt Monolayer/Skin.
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The adsorption of CO on {100} facets was found to be stronger than on {111} facets, which favors the formation of the octahedral shape in the synthsis process.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [287] Wu J., 2011, Nano Lett. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, the bulky 30 nm Pt 3 Ni{111} catalyst showed a 10-fold improvement in ORR activity compared to Pt{111} catalyst and was 90 times more active than current state-of-theart Pt/C catalysts for PEMFCs.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.2. Pt Monolayer/Skin.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [147] Stamenkovic V. R., 2007, Science source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their results showed that the specific activity of the Pt-monolayer catalysts on 4 nm Pd and 4.6 nm Pd 3 Co cores was about 5-and 9-fold enhanced, respectively, over that of 3 nm Pt nanoparticles while only the 2-and 3-fold enhancements in specific activity can be attributed to the nanosize-and lattice mismatch-induced contraction in {111} facets.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [155] Wang J.-X., 2009, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to their results of XRD and HRTEM, the cubic shape was bound by the {100} facets, while the octahedral shape was bound by {111} facets.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [287] Wu J., 2011, Nano Lett. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kang and Murray 346 showed that the cubic Mn-Pt nanocrystals gave a higher ORR activity than the spherical MnPt nanocrystals in H 2 SO 4 while the spherical nanocrystals were more active in HClO 4 .”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [346] Kang Y., 2010, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, the specific and mass activities of carbon-supported Pt 3 Ni nanooctahedra were found to be ∼7 and ∼4 times, respectively, higher than those of the commercial Pt/C catalysts.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [286] Zhang J., 2010, Nano Lett. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wu et al. 287 utilized CO as a gas reducing agent and made two Pt 3 Ni nanocrystals with octahedral and cubic morphologies.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [287] Wu J., 2011, Nano Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This also suggested that the catalytic evaluation of facet-dependent Pt-alloy nanocrystals also depended on the reaction medium, which was in agreement with the results on the catalytic activity of single Pt nanocrystals.347,348”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This indicated that the ORR activity of Mn-Pt nanocrystals was higher on {111} facet than on {100} facet in HClO 4 , whereas the ORR activity was higher on {100} facet than on {111} facet in H 2 SO 4 .”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.1. Crystal Facet.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [346] Kang Y., 2010, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To make Pt-alloy nanoparticles with predetermined compositions, a strong reducing agentsuch as sodium borohydride, hydrazine, or hydrogenis often introduced to reduce all the metal precursors simultaneously at the proper rates (i.e., coreduction).406,[410][411][412][413][414]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 406,[410][411][412][413][414]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It was found that the core-shell structured PtCo/C catalyst made using the above method had a similar crystallite size (∼2.5 nm) as that of Pt/C catalyst, based on XRD analysis, and its intrinsic activity for the ORR was found to be two to four times higher than that of Pt/C.227”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.3. Core-Shell Structure.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [227] Kristian N., 2010, Electrochim. Acta source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, counterions and solvents can change the redox potentials and thus the reduction reaction rates of given metal ions.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This ordered intermetallic phase was different from the disordered alloy phase, in which all columns have equal intensity and lack the (001) super period.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6.2.2. Platinum Intermetallic Compounds.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [376] Wang D., 2013, Nat. Mater. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The colloidal chemical synthesis method is the most popular approach for producing carbonsupported PtM (M = Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pd, Ru, etc.) nanoparticle catalysts; [404][405][406][407][408][409]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [404][405][406][407][408][409]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although previous work reported low activities for ordered Pt-alloy catalysts such as Pt-Co catalysts, due to particle sintering during high-temperature annealing, attention has recently been given to the ordered alloy phase of Pt intermetallic compounds in an effort to explore more active carbon-supported Pt-alloy catalysts with superior catalytic performance.264,420”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6.2.2. Platinum Intermetallic Compounds.
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The disadvantage of the coreduction colloidal approach is that it is difficult to synthesize monodispersed alloy nanoparticles of controlled size and composition without using special agents (e.g., a template).”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These Pt 3 Co/C catalysts exhibited over 200% increase in mass activity and over 300% increase in specfic activity when compared with disordered Pt 3 Co alloy nanoparticles as well as Pt/C particles.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.3. Core-Shell Structure.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the theory of excess Gibbs free energy, [194][195][196] high temperatures can result in entropy making more of a contribution than enthalpy to the change in internal energy; consequently, the excess free energy becomes negative, leading to the formation of alloys.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [194][195][196]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this way, Pt should be preferentially deposited onto the metal particle core M in a layer-by-layer fashion or Frank-van der Merwe (FM) model (see Figure 20), since the lattice mismatch between Pt and M is small, and the sum of the surface energy of the depositing metal and the interfacial energy is less than the surface energy of the M substrate metal.12,[372][373][374][375]”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.3. Core-Shell Structure.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 12,[372][373][374][375]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After heat treatment at 700 °C, the mean particle size of the synthesized Pt 3 Co/C was 5 nm, which was slightly smaller than the value calculated from XRD results.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.3. Core-Shell Structure.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this method, the pH value of the synthesis solution determined the Pt to Co ratio and the thickness of the Pt layer outside of the Co core.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 5.3.3. Core-Shell Structure.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To obtain chemically ordered Pt-Fe alloy phases, an annealing step was required at 800 °C under 8 vol % H 2 /Ar.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6.2.2. Platinum Intermetallic Compounds.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [424] Prabhudev S., 2013, ACS Nano source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Lee et al. 416 synthesized a monodispersed nanoparticle electrocatalyst of Pt-Ru supported on Vulcan carbon through the coreduction of platinum acetylacetonate (Pt(acac) 2 ) and ruthenium acetylacetonate (Ru(acac) 3 ) using 1,2-hexadecanediol as the reducing agent and oleic acid as the surfactants.417”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Later, Botton's group developed a wet impregnation technique to synthesize a new structurally ordered intermetallic core-shell Pt 3 Fe 2 /C alloy catalysts, with an ordered Pt 3 Fe 2 core encapsulated within a bilayer Pt-rich shell.424”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6.2.2. Platinum Intermetallic Compounds.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [424] Prabhudev S., 2013, ACS Nano source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To reduce the Pt content and, at the same time, substantially alter the surface electronic properties and boost catalytic performance, non-Pt metals, especially non-noble metals, have often been employed.403”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF CARBON-SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY COMPOSITION 6.1. Composition and Formation of Pt Alloys
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [403] Kim J., 2011, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PtCo/C | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.849 | 2.722 | 16.3 | 1:2.2 | 0.894”
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
“PtCo/C | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3.881 | 2.744 | 17.4 | 1:2.8 | 0.555”
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Pt/C | | 2.5 | 3.931 | 2.780 | 22.1 | | 0.230”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, Pt-based catalysts have been considered the most practical for the ORR.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the Pd 2 @Pt 1 /C catalyst presented superior activity and durability in single H 2 /O 2 fuel cell testing at very low Pt loadings (∼0.15 mg Pd+Pt cm -2 ).”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [306] Zhang G., 2013, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is well-known that the composition of Pt alloys can play an important role in balancing high catalytic activity and stability.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of metal alloys not only reduces the noble metal content but also increases the catalytic activity toward the ORR.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When the reaction time was increased to 42 h, the near-surface Pt at.% increased from 30 to 41 even though the size, shape, and bulk composition of the two Pt-Ni nanoparticles (Pt:Ni = 46:54) were identical.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [433] Cui C., 2012, Nano Lett. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From an engineering perspective, nanoscale Pt-alloy phases and their corresponding structures (e.g., the core-shell structure) can be successfully controlled by a high-throughput, combinatorial screening method that can identify the combinations of alloy phases and compositions, thereby achieving an optimized balance between catalytic activity and stability.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(80 °C, 100% RH, 3 bar <abs>, H 2 /O 2 ): current density of 0.65-1.31A cm -2 at 0.6 V and maximum power density of 885 mW cm -2”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these factors dictate what materials and synthetic strategy will be selected, so as to achieve technological breakthroughs in the microstructure and performance of ORR catalysts.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ORR at the cathode is the rate-determining step in the whole set of fuel cell reactions due to its sluggishness in comparison with the anode reaction.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“110 °C, 25% RH, 1.5 bar, H 2 /O 2 ): current density of 0.5 A cm -2 at 0.6 V and maximum power densities of 700 mW cm -2”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The dealloyed binary PtM 3 catalysts showed a more than 3-fold improvement in the ORR activity for M = Co, Cu, and close to a 3-fold improvement for M = Ni in terms of the Pt-mass activity (∼0.275A mg -1 Pt )i n single fuel”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [259] Remona A. M., 2011, J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(80 °C, 33% RH, 3 bar <abs>, 1 M H 2 SO 4 ,H 2 /O 2 ): current density of 1.0-1.4A cm -2 at 0.6 V and maximum power density of 840 mW cm -2”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“2 | Co (3:1) | furnace (N 2 /10% H 2 ) | 600/2.5 700/2.5 | 3.83 2.95 | 3.855 3.876 | fcc, Pt 3 M | 61 c | 2000, 55”
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
“1100/2.5 | 8.63 | 3.868 | | 75 c |”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2000]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Min M., 2000, Electrochim. Acta source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But this dissolution of nonprecious metal(s) is not beneficial to the stability of Pt-alloy and results in a deteriorating fuel cell performance, in particular under the long-term operation of fuel cells.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 7. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY ELECTROCATALYSTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In a PEMFC, the cathode ORR is known 6 or more orders of magnitude slower than the anode hydrogen oxidation reaction 121,279 and thus results in a limitation of the overall fuel cell performance.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 7. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY ELECTROCATALYSTS
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The degree of dealloying of Pt-Co and Pt-Ni binary systems was lower than that of Pt-Cu compounds, as evidenced by the presence of around 15-20 at.% non-noble metals near the surface and in the bulk of the dealloyed particles, whereas under the same dealloying conditions, Pt-Cu formed core-shell structures with a Ptrich surface and a Pt-Cu core.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [259] Remona A. M., 2011, J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was found that the Pt content increased and the catalytic activity decreased when the catalyst dealloying time increased from 12 to 72 h.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [434] Wagner, F. T.DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program: FY 2012, Annual Progress Report, V.D.12 High-Activity Dealloyed Catalysts, General Motors, LLC (GM).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, due to the high cost and limited supply of Pt, reducing Pt loading in the catalyst layer and thus the cost of the PEMFCs has become one of the key targets to achieve their widespread commercialization.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Pt is costly and its supply is limited.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common strategy in Pt load reduction is alloying Pt with other metal elements to form Ptalloy catalysts.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the size, shape, and composition of Pt-alloy nanoparticles are all key parameters in the design and preparation of Pt-alloy nanocatalysts, a desirable particle shape (e.g., octahedral, tetrahedral, cubic, etc.) has been recognized to play a more dominant role in the improvement of ORR catalysis in PEMFCs.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) (130 °C, 100% RH, 3 bar, H 2 /O 2 ): current density of 1.59 A cm -2 and maximum power density exceeding 1000 mW cm -2 .After 1500 cycles, the particle size of metal increased from 2.9 to 3.7 nm at 0.9-0.7 V/cell.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 6.3. Effect of Composition on ORR Activity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase of particle size and the change of crystal parameters after the degradation suggest that the carbon supported Pt-alloy catalyst should not only be able to exhibit a high ORR activity but also have a physicochemical and electrochemical stability so that the catalyst can be utilized in the commercial PEMFC with a low PGM loading equal to or lower than 0.125 mg cm -2 .”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 7. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY ELECTROCATALYSTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The RDE test results in 0.1 M HClO 4 for catalysts with Pt:Pd molar ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 2:3, 1:1, and 1:2 revealed dependence on the Pt shell morphology with Pd 2 @Pt 1 /C (molar ratio of Pt:Pd = 1:2) having the highest mass activity and Pd 1 @Pt 2 /C (molar ratio of Pt:Pd = 2:1) having the best area-specific activity; both values were significantly better than those of commercial Pt/C catalysts.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [306] Zhang G., 2013, J. Phys. Chem. C source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many scientists were able to obtain carbon supported Pt-alloy catalysts with a two or more fold higher ORR activity, measured by the rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique, than that of the commercial Pt/C, the performance of H 2 /O 2 (or air)-PEMFCs with MEAs fabricated with these catalysts did not show direct correlation with the performance obtained through RDE tests, and as a result,”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 7. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON SUPPORTED PT-ALLOY ELECTROCATALYSTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With more and more recent discoveries in the development of advanced Pt-based catalysts, the catalytic activity of monodispersed Pt-alloy nanoparticle catalysts supported on carbon is often found to depend on Ptalloy shape, and optimal ORR activity can be achieved by controlling this shape.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Core-shell structured Pt-alloy nanocatalysts have been proven capable of greatly enhancing not only the ORR activity but also the catalyst durability due to the electronic and strain effects that arise on the nanostructured surface, which can be adjusted by the selection of various materials and different synthesis routes.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review reveals that materials selection and synthesis methods both play a key role in the formation of desirable catalyst structures with enhanced ORR activity.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In wet chemical synthesis, the chemistry of liquid-solid interfaces (e.g., the chemical reactivity of crystal planes) plays an essential role in the size-and direction-controlled growth of nanostrucures for catalysts, under a set of reaction conditions that include protective agent, reaction medium, pH value, pressure, and temperature.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pt/C | 350 | 100:0 | 3.92 | 2 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 6 ± 3”
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Pt/C | 950 | 100:0 | 3.92 | 13.8 | 9 ± 21 1 ± 3”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > 8. CONCLUSIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 8. CONCLUSIONS · plain
In the paper
“After electrochemical treatment in 0.1 M HClO 4 , the Pt-based mass activities increased 5-fold from Pt/C to Pt 1 Co 3 /C in the order of Pt/C < Pt 1 Co 1 /C < Pt 3 Co 1 /C < Pt 1 Co 3 /C, with similar particle sizes of 3-4 nm.”
§ Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity > Chemical Reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] Oezaslan M., 2012, J. Electrochem. Soc. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little theoretical work has been conducted to evaluate the effects of nanoparticle shape on ORR activity.
“However, in contrast to the growing number of studies on the correlation between the size of spherical nanoparticles and their catalytic activity, very little theoretical work has been conducted to evaluate the effects of nanoparticle shape on ORR activity since these structures are not easily accessible.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The specific activity of a catalyst for the ORR is independent of particle size.
“while the specific activity is assumed to be independent of the particle size.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pd is at least 50 times more abundant on earth than Pt.
“it is at least 50 times more abundant on the earth than Pt”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very small Pt-alloy particles (<2 nm) are significantly prone to agglomeration or corrosion under practical synthesis conditions.
“very small particles (<2 nm) are significantly prone to agglomeration or corrosion under practical synthesis conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The high cost of Pt catalysts used in PEMFC electrodes represents about 30-40% of the total cost of the fuel cell.
“One of the major factors limiting PEMFC commercialization is the high cost of Pt catalysts used in the electrodes, as this represents about 30-40% of the total cost of the fuel cell.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pt is costly and its supply is limited.
“However, due to the high cost and limited supply of Pt, reducing Pt loading in the catalyst layer and thus the cost of the PEMFCs has become one of the key targets to achieve their widespread commercialization.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting shares of fuel-cell cost
MinorThe introduction says Pt-based electrocatalysts account for over 55% of total cost, whereas Section 6 puts the Pt catalysts used in the electrodes at about 30-40% of the fuel cell's total cost.
“platinumbased electrocatalysts, 12,13 which account for over 55% of the total cost.”
“the high cost of Pt catalysts used in the electrodes, as this represents about 30-40% of the total cost of the fuel cell.”
Listed Pt:Pd ratios omit a catalyst subsequently compared
MinorThe stated ratio list repeats 1:2 and contains no 2:1 ratio, yet the same sentence evaluates a Pd1@Pt2/C catalyst explicitly identified as Pt:Pd = 2:1.
“The RDE test results in 0.1 M HClO 4 for catalysts with Pt:Pd molar ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 2:3, 1:1, and 1:2”
“Pd 1 @Pt 2 /C (molar ratio of Pt:Pd = 2:1) having the best area-specific activity”
Two incompatible activity ranges for the synthesized PtM catalysts
MinorOne passage says the PtM/C catalysts achieved 3-4.5 times the mass activity of Pt/C. The next says the lowest-activity member of those synthesized catalysts achieved only about 1.5 times the activity of Pt.
“the PtM/C catalysts exhibited 3-4.5 times higher mass activity than pure Pt/C.”
“the catalyst with a particle size less than 3.5 nm displayed the lowest mass activity among the synthesized catalysts, showing about 1.5 times higher mass activity than Pt.”
Specific-activity value differs by a factor of 1,000
MinorThe narrative reports approximately 0.248 A/cm2 for the dealloyed Pt-Ni catalyst, while Table 8 gives 248 μA/cm2 for that catalyst. The table value equals 0.000248 A/cm2.
“Improvement in the surface-area-normalized specific activity (∼0.248A cm -2 Pt ) was similar.”
“| nominal composition | EDS composition (as prepared) (at. %) | XPS composition (as prepared) (at. %) | ICP composition (after dealloying) (at. %) | XPS composition (after dealloying) (at. %) | ECSA Pt (m 2 g -1 Pt ) | mass activity @ 0.9 V (A mg -1 Pt ) | specific acitivty @ 0.9 V (μAc m -2 Pt ) |”
Highest-activity Pd@Pt composition is outside the stated series
MinorThe described series specifies x values of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, but the catalyst said to have the highest mass activity has x = 0.5.
“a series of Ketjenblack carbon-supported Pd@Pt x (x = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) nanoparticles with various Pt shell thicknesses”
“Pd@ Pt 0.5 /C showed the highest mass activity among the various catalysts prepared”
Co alloy ratio conflicts with the catalysts identified
MinorThe stated Pt:Co ratio of 1:3 does not match either PtCo/C (1:1) or Pt3Co/C (3:1), the Co alloys identified in the same discussion and table.
“two selected carbon-supported PtM alloy catalysts (M = Ni, Co) with fixed atomic ratios of Pt to M (3:1 and 1:3, respectively)”
“Pt/C < Pt 3 Ni 1 /C < Pt 3 Co 1 /C < Pt 1 Co 1 /C.”
Citations
Cites
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(2014) · doi:10.1201/b17118 · Cited by 57,706
(2016) · ASM International eBooks · doi:10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006247 · Cited by 16,078
Origin of the Overpotential for Oxygen Reduction at a Fuel-Cell Cathode
Nørskov, J. K., Rossmeisl, J., Logadottir, A., Lindqvist, L., Kitchin, J. R., Bligaard, T., & Jónsson, H. (2004) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp047349j · Cited by 13,153
One‐Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Xia, Y., Yang, P., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Mayers, B., Gates, B., Yin, Y., Kim, F., & Yan, H. (2003) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200390087 · Cited by 8,559
Chemistry and Properties of Nanocrystals of Different Shapes
Burda, C., Chen, X., Narayanan, R., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2005) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr030063a · Cited by 7,230
Monodisperse FePt Nanoparticles and Ferromagnetic FePt Nanocrystal Superlattices
Sun, S., Murray, C. B., Weller, D., Folks, L., & Moser, A. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.1989 · Cited by 6,137
Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells
Debe, M. K. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11115 · Cited by 5,885
Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys
Porter, D. A., & Easterling, K. E. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3051-4 · Cited by 4,904
Gasteiger, H. A., Kocha, S. S., Sompalli, B., & Wagner, F. T. (2005) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021 · Cited by 4,876
Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals
Peng, X., Manna, L., Yang, W., Wickham, J., Scher, E., Kadavanich, A., & Alivisatos, A. P. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35003535 · Cited by 4,487
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 412 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Li Y. M., 2010, Nano Lett., 10, 1078
- Appleby, A. J.InThe Electrocatalysis of Fuel Cell Reactions;Dudley, R.; O’Grady, W.; Srinivasan, S., Eds.; The Electrochemical Society Softbound Proceedings Series, PV 79–2, Princeton, NJ, 1979; p23.
- Garland, N.Fuel Cells Plenary; 2008 DOE Hydrogen Program Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting, 2008.
- Passalacqua, E.; Vivaldi, M.; Giordano, N.; Anotonucci, P. L.; Kinoshita, K. Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conf. ; 1992; Vol.929294, pp3.425–3.431.
- Olveira S., 2014, Nanotechnology, 2014, 324089
- Mullin J. W., 1997, Crystallization
- Volmer M., 1926, Phys. C, 227, 119
- Bönnemann H., 2004, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Systems, 7, 93
- Ozkar S., 2002, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 5796, 10.1021/ja012749v · DOI · Paper page
- Kim J.-W., 2011, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 12088, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.06.137 · DOI · Paper page
- Guo S., 2013, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, 13869
- Wu J., 2013, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1848, 10.1021/ar300359w · DOI · Paper page
- Yang H., 2008, Metal Nanoclusters in Catalysis and Materials Science: The Issue of Size Control. Part II: Methodologies
- Chen C., 2014, Science, 343, 1339, 10.1126/science.1249061 · DOI · Paper page
- Han L., 2014, Nature, 4, 6414
- Nilekar A. U., 2007, Top. Catal., 46, 276, 10.1007/s11244-007-9001-z · DOI · Paper page
- Okaya K., 2010, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2, 888, 10.1021/am9008693 · DOI · Paper page
- Sarkar A., 2010, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 4725, 10.1021/jp908933r · DOI · Paper page
- Jalan V., 1983, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2299, 10.1149/1.2119574 · DOI · Paper page
- Shimazaki Y., 2005, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 292, 122, 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.052 · DOI · Paper page
- Yang S.-C., 2008, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,274
Saraswat, A., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-025-05949-3 · Cited by 7
“As a result, scientists are working to create a durable polymer electrolyte membrane with low fuel/ water crossover, strong proton conductivity, good mechanical qualities, good thermal and chemical stability, and low assembly and manufacturing costs [141, 142].”
Li, G., Li, J., Cui, Q., Mai, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, K., Nie, R., & Hu, W. G. (2020) · Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10008-020-04653-8 · Cited by 6
“From the perspective of energy efficiency, 4-electron reactions will be more ideal, but its dynamic is sluggish, so exploration and development work around ORR and the corresponding catalysts are very important [1, 2].”
BackgroundBhuvanendran, N., Ravichandran, S., Xu, Q., Pasupathi, S., & Su, H. (2020) · Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage · doi:10.1115/1.4045978 · Cited by 7
Design of Interfaces and Phase Interfaces on Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Inoue, G., & Takenaka, S. (2020) · Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1246/cl.200649 · Cited by 8
Miyabayashi, K., Ishihara, K., Joshi, P., Shen, Z., & Miyake, M. (2018) · Electrocatalysis · doi:10.1007/s12678-018-0462-6 · Cited by 7
FeNi 3 –FeNi 3 N – a high-performance catalyst for overall water splitting
Liang, S., Jing, M., Thomas, T., Liu, J., Guo, H., Attfield, J. P., Saad, A., Shen, H., & Yang, M. (2020) · Sustainable Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1039/d0se01491e · Cited by 7
Stabilizing alkaline fuel cells with a niobium-doped brookite titanium dioxide catalyst support
Liu, C., Jung, W., Jeon, S., Johnson, G. C., Shi, Z., Xiao, L., Yang, S., Chen, C., Xu, J., Kagan, C. R., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102090 · Cited by 7
Karimi, V., Morgen, P., Gyergyek, S., Sharma, R., & Andersen, S. M. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c10430 · Cited by 7
Kumar, A. V. N., Yin, S., Wang, Z., et al. (2019) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c9nj01983a · Cited by 7
Self-citationZhang, Y., Yin, X. Q., Jiang, H., et al. (2019) · Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society · doi:10.1007/s13738-019-01722-2 · Cited by 7
Self-citationEngineering FeCo Dual Sites on Tube-on-Plate Hollow Structure for Efficient Oxygen Electroreduction
Zhang, S. L., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Pan, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Xing, Z., Cheng, W., Cheng, H., Tham, N. N., et al. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.3c13941 · Cited by 7
Fuel Cells: Hydrogen and Ethanol Technologies
Santos, M. C., Parreira, L. S., Souza, F. M., Camargo, J., & Gentil, T. C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803581-8.09263-8 · Cited by 9
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Da, H., & Yuan, R. (2018) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c8ra01453a · Cited by 8
Namwong, N., & Kruehong, C. (2022) · Diamond and Related Materials · doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109396 · Cited by 7
Impacts of particle geometry on the characteristics of porous materials
Kim, J., Lesmana, L. A., & Aziz, M. (2025) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2025.120663 · Cited by 7
Bubble Consumption Dynamics in Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction
Chen, F., Zhou, D., Lu, Z., Wang, C., Luo, L., Liu, Y., Shang, Z., Sheng, S., Cheng, C., Xu, H., et al. (2020) · Chemical Research in Chinese Universities · doi:10.1007/s40242-020-0061-y · Cited by 7
Advanced nanocatalysts for fuel-cell technologies
Vedarajan, R., Jayaraj, P., & Rajalakshmi, N. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819355-6.00006-6 · Cited by 10
A Quantum Signature for Catalytic Activity in N-doped, Single-Atom Fe Electrocatalysts
Zhong, H., Barr, J. A., & Beckman, S. P. (2023) · Catalysis Letters · doi:10.1007/s10562-023-04501-0 · Cited by 7
Sun, Z., Zhang, S., Zheng, B., Zhou, Y., Chen, W., Liu, R., Liu, G., & Lang, L. (2023) · Inorganics · doi:10.3390/inorganics11030101 · Cited by 7
Gan, Y., Wang, Z., Shi, Y., Guo, C., Tan, H., & Yan, C.-F. (2017) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1863-2 · Cited by 6
“Particle arrangement is related to the particle spatial aggregation, bonding energy to the dropping out of NPs and test environment to the Pt corrosion [14].”
BackgroundInfluentialMorita, A., Ishii, T., & Ozaki, J. (2023) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.11.131 · Cited by 6
Rafique, F., Ameen, S., Ali, M., Tahir, A., Haq, T. U., Khan, A. A., Ahmed, S. A., Sher, F., & Rehman, H. U. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237684 · Cited by 6
Bimetallic Pt–Ru covalently bonded on carbon nanotubes for efficient methanol oxidation
Zhang, T., Wang, W., Ma, Z., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials · doi:10.1007/s12613-023-2699-1 · Cited by 6
Single Ni atom-anchored BN-yne for enhanced water splitting
Kumar, A., Sayyed, M. I., Doshi, O. P., Al-Musawi, T. J., Makrariya, A., Lagum, A. A., Saraireh, H., & Kadhim, M. M. (2023) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127892 · Cited by 6
Qin, Z., Gan, Y., Xiang, D., Li, J., Li, X., Luo, X., Hu, L., Lv, X., & Hu, M. (2024) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133985 · Cited by 6
Liu, S., Mamtaz, M. R. B., Jia, C., Lu, H., Wang, S., Meyer, Q. P.-G., & Zhao, C. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202500116 · Cited by 6
Zhu, Z., Cui, J. W., Cao, X., Yang, L., Sun, H., Liang, W., Li, J., & Li, A. (2022) · Energy Technology · doi:10.1002/ente.202101097 · Cited by 6
da Silva, W. O., Mabillard, A., Soutrenon, M., Gschwend, G. C., Ligen, Y., Joris, S., Bondaz, L., Agrawal, K. V., & Girault, H. H. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d4ta04837g · Cited by 6
Hashiguchi, Y., Nakamura, I., Honma, T., Matsushita, T., Murayama, H., Tokunaga, M., Choe, Y., & Fujitani, T. (2022) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.202200389 · Cited by 6
Zhu, B., Ehara, M., & Sakaki, S. (2020) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d0cp00169d · Cited by 6
Silva, C., Salmanzade, K., Borbáth, I., Dódony, E., Olasz, D., Sáfrán, G., Kuncser, A. C., Pászti-Gere, E., Tompos, A., & Pászti, Z. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13152245 · Cited by 5
Wu, S., Chen, X., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.165 · Cited by 6
Yu, H., Wang, R., Zhang, Z., et al. (2022) · Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d2qi00005a · Cited by 6
Ganesh, P., & Jeyakumar, D. (2018) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.002 · Cited by 6
Metal Nanoclusters Synthesized in Alkaline Ethylene Glycol: Mechanism and Application
Wang, Y., & Hao, M. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13030565 · Cited by 5
Self-citationTunable synthesis of highly branched Pd nanodendrites for enhanced electrocatalysis
Liu, Z., Ge, X., Guan, Q., Yuan, W., Li, C. M., & Zhang, L. Y. (2024) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.159534 · Cited by 6
Inactive step-edge Pt atoms boost oxygen reduction reaction by activating adsorbed hydrogen atoms
Cheng, N., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Chen, L., Jiang, H., Hu, Y., Jiang, H., & Li, C. (2019) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144434 · Cited by 6
Lin, C.-H., Chen, H.-H., Zhan, K.-Y., Chen, S. ‐., & Tseng, C. (2022) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.031 · Cited by 5
Fang, S.-Y., Chen, Y.-J., Chen, W., & Zhuang, G. (2024) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01234 · Cited by 6
Lee, H., Zhan, X., Warner, J. H., & Ren, H. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202415727 · Cited by 6
Lee, S. Y., Kim, M. K., Son, U. H., Han, S., Lee, S., & Joh, H. (2024) · Carbon letters · doi:10.1007/s42823-024-00822-1 · Cited by 7
Ming, S., Cobb, S. J., Rahaman, M., Sammy, N., Reisner, E., & Wheatley, A. E. H. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202411006 · Cited by 6
Shaik, S., Kim, H. J., & Choi, S. (2021) · APL Materials · doi:10.1063/5.0035999 · Cited by 6
Highly efficient cathodes with low platinum loading for PEMFCs via the use of a modified substrate
Martinaiou, I., Paloukis, F., & Daletou, M. K. (2024) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144853 · Cited by 7
Xu, L., Xu, L., Zhang, J., et al. (2018) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b02746 · Cited by 6
Liu, M., Zhao, J., Priestley, R. D., et al. (2018) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.032 · Cited by 6
Kim, J., Im, U.-S., Peck, D., et al. (2017) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.05.093 · Cited by 6
Liu, J., Li, H., Xu, H., & Cheng, D. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.8386838 · Cited by 6
“Commercial benchmarks typically necessitate substantial noble metal loadings and rely on the high cost of noble metal like Pt ( ∼ $36 084/kg) to sustain high power-output efficiencies [6]—fundamentally restricts its large-scale sustainable application [7].”
Self-citationMetal Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts Excel from Coordination Configuration via Heteroatoms Tuning
Qi, Y., Jin, B., Li, J., et al. (2025) · Advanced Sustainable Systems · doi:10.1002/adsu.202501350 · Cited by 5
Lin, H., Chen, J., Wu, Y., et al. (2021) · Energy Technology · doi:10.1002/ente.202100142 · Cited by 5
Siddique, M. B. A., Li, J., Wang, S., Yu, Y., Cao, L., Chen, J., Zhang, L., & Cheng, S. (2025) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.164023 · Cited by 5
Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Sun, L., et al. (2025) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113505 · Cited by 5
Self-citationNoh, S. H., Hwang, J., Kang, J., & Han, B. (2018) · Current Opinion in Electrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2018.11.016 · Cited by 5
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
De, D., Grenoble, L. D., Par, P., Bois, C., & Chaussy, C. P. D. (1992) · Membrane Technology · doi:10.1016/0958-2118(92)90071-f · Cited by 5
Zhang, A., Zhang, J., Zheng, J., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Plasma Processes and Polymers · doi:10.1002/ppap.202200179 · Cited by 5
Xie, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, M., Xiong, H., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Yu, Z., Zhou, W., & Tang, S. (2024) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.202301819 · Cited by 6
Fundamentals of photoelectrocatalysis
Durante, C., Mazzucato, M., Bellardita, M., & Parrino, F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823989-6.00003-5 · Cited by 6
Room-temperature hydrogen generation from water and nanoscale Fe catalyzed by Pd
Ni, T., Zhang, H., & Zhang, S. M. (2018) · Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/c8qi01061g · Cited by 5
Wei, Y., Gao, F., Yuan, J., Xie, H., Xiao, D., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., & Ren, W. (2024) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0226662 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMao, W., Liu, J., Yin, B., et al. (2022) · Molecular Catalysis · doi:10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112257 · Cited by 5
Distorted quantum dots enhance the efficiency of alkaline oxygen electrocatalysis
Zhang, X., Fu, W., Wu, T., Wan, J., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d0ta07975h · Cited by 5
Self-citationHao, J., Wang, Y., Sheng, K., Yahui, Y., Tian, Z., Liu, Y., Li, W., & Li, J. (2022) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124848 · Cited by 5
Self-citationZhu, Z., Cui, J. W., Han, J., Wu, S., Sun, H., Liang, W., & Li, A. (2021) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.6682 · Cited by 5
“Along this line, the construction of Pt based alloys has therefore been demonstrated to be one of resultful ways to this end.(14-19) Till now, a number of Pt based alloys such as PtCo, PtAg, PtFe, PtPd, etc.”
BackgroundChang, F., Ma, Y., Su, P., et al. (2022) · Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d1qi01561c · Cited by 5
Fabrication of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofiber Networks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Meng, S., Yu, M., Liu, J., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.20964/2017.06.12 · Cited by 5
Cazzadori, F., Facchin, A., Reginato, S., et al. (2024) · Small Science · doi:10.1002/smsc.202400294 · Cited by 5
Zuo, G., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Solid State Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.05.002 · Cited by 5
Laser-Induced Graphitic Shells for Enhanced Durability and Highly Active Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Choi, I. (2019) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.8b02159 · Cited by 5
Sun, X., Sun, J., Hu, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.079 · Cited by 5
Platinum deposition on functionalised graphene for corrosion resistant oxygen reduction electrodes
Rubio, N., Suter, T., Rana, Z., Clancy, A. J., Masuda, S., Au, H., Coulter, G. O., Sirisinudomkit, P., McMillan, P. F., Howard, C. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta03487e · Cited by 4
Huang, J., Sie, J.-R., & Zeng, R.-H. (2021) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137868 · Cited by 5
Rakshit, S., Roy, T., Jana, P. C., & Gupta, K. (2024) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-024-04361-8 · Cited by 6
Guo, Z., Zhou, L., Pan, D., Huang, S., Li, J., & Song, J. (2021) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1nj01536b · Cited by 4
A N,P-co-doped 3D graphene/cobalt-embedded electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction
Hu, X., Dai, X.-H., & He, X. (2017) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c7nj02765f · Cited by 5
Polagani, R. K., Suryawanshi, P. L., Sonawane, S. H., & Chinthala, M. (2021) · International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering · doi:10.1515/ijcre-2021-0225 · Cited by 5
Mebed, A. M., Zeid, E. F. A., & Abd‐Elnaiem, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials · doi:10.1007/s10904-021-01991-6 · Cited by 4
Illathvalappil, R., & Kurungot, S. (2020) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.202000786 · Cited by 4
Cheng, M., Bhalothia, D., Yeh, W., Beniwal, A., Yan, C., Wang, K., Chen, P., Tu, X., & Chen, T. (2022) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal12111411 · Cited by 3
Self-Assembly of Pt3Co Superlattice as a Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Wang, Q., Jiang, C., Mi, B., & Wang, H. (2023) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal13020406 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAluminium air batteries for sustainable environment: A review
Suresh, T., Kumar, P. S. S. R., & Palaniyandy, N. (2024) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds Communications · doi:10.1016/j.jacomc.2024.100048 · Cited by 4
Yu, S., Bi, L., Xie, X., Lu, J., Chen, A., & Jiang, H. (2023) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d3cc03742h · Cited by 4
Yang, Y., You, Y., Wang, H., Xie, R. J., & Wang, G. (2018) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.20964/2018.05.09 · Cited by 4
Self-citationYasmin, M., Garg, R., Balo, A., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c03824 · Cited by 4
Yao, D., Yu, H., Song, W., Gao, X., Fan, Z., Jiang, G., Sun, X., & Shao, Z. (2020) · Sustainable Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1039/d0se00103a · Cited by 4
Allah, A. E., EL-Deeb, M. M., Farghali, A. A., Moll, H. E., & Abdelwahab, A. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ra07543a · Cited by 4
Cai, Z., Zhang, D., Cheng, K., et al. (2016) · Fuel Cells · doi:10.1002/fuce.201600009 · Cited by 4
Choi, I. (2019) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.129 · Cited by 4
Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Xiao, Z., Zhao, G., Song, H., Liu, Y., & Zeng, J. (2020) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.070 · Cited by 4
Kuriganova, A. B., Leontyev, I. N., Ulyankina, A. A., et al. (2020) · Mendeleev Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mencom.2020.09.037 · Cited by 4
Hu, Y., Jensen, J. O., Zhang, W., Cleemann, L. N., Pan, C., & Li, Q. (2016) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.201600748 · Cited by 4
Mirzaie, R. A., Firooz, A. A., & Khori, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Electronic Materials · doi:10.1007/s11664-018-6626-6 · Cited by 5
One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts
Tigges, S., Wöhrl, N., Radev, I., Hagemann, U., Heidelmann, M., Nguyen, T. B., Gorelkov, S., Schulz, S., & Lorke, A. (2020) · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126 · Cited by 4
Zhang, M., Qi, D., Xin, Y., Hu, X., Cao, T., Jin, Y., Wang, K., Zhou, Z., Yang, L., Jiang, J., et al. (2022) · Molecular Catalysis · doi:10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112513 · Cited by 7
Shi, L., Peng, P., & Xiang, Z. (2017) · Reaction Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1039/c7re00178a · Cited by 4
Chen, G., Wang, X., Chen, Y., et al. (2020) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202001219 · Cited by 4
Lin, Z., Sathishkumar, N., Xia, Y., Li, S., Liu, X., Mao, J., Shi, H. S., Lü, G., Wang, T., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202400751 · Cited by 5
Self-citationGong, L., Xia, F., Zhu, J., Mu, X. Q., Chen, D., Zhao, H., Chen, L., & Mu, S. C. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202411125 · Cited by 4
Silva, C., Borbáth, I., Dódony, E., Olasz, D., Sáfrán, G., Szegedi, Á., Zelenka, K., Tompos, A., & Pászti, Z. (2024) · Materials Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2024.113114 · Cited by 3
Electrochemical Oxidation of Low-Concentration Methane on Pt/Pt and Pt/CP under Ambient Conditions
Wu, T., Rankin, D. M., & Golovko, V. B. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c06665 · Cited by 3
Highly active catalysts: Double‐shelled hollow nanospheres with tiny Pt NPs
Yao, G., Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Zhu, W., & Xu, H. (2019) · Applied Organometallic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/aoc.4858 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, Y.-J., Zhao, N., Fang, B., Li, H., Bi, X. T., & Wang, H.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Vancouver International Clean-Tech Research Institute Inc., 4475 Wayburne Drive, Burnaby, Canada V5G 4X4
- National Research Council Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Hui
- Bi, Xiaotao T.
- Wang, Haijiang
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-04-14
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3433-3467
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W2039922946
- Cited by
- 1,267
- References
- 412
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 174 · 2017: 121 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 30
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vancouver International CleanTech Research Institute
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (452756-13)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Keywords
- oxygen reduction reaction, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, carbon-supported catalysts, particle size effects, particle shape control, composition control, catalytic activity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
