Contamination of Bottled Waters with Antimony Leaching from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Increases upon Storage
Abstract
Antimony concentrations were determined in 132 brands of bottled water from 28 countries. Two of the brands were at or above the maximum allowable Sb concentration for drinking water in Japan (2 microg/L). Elevated concentrations of Sb in bottled waters are due mainly to the Sb2O3 used as the catalyst in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET(E)). The leaching of Sb from PET(E) bottles shows variable reactivity. In 14 brands of bottled water from Canada, Sb concentrations increased on average 19% during 6 months storage at room temperature, but 48 brands of water from 11 European countries increased on average 90% under identical conditions. A mineral water from France in PET(E), purchased in Germany, yielded 725 ng/L when first tested, but 1510 ng/L when it was stored for 6 months at room temperature; the same brand of water, purchased in Hong Kong, yielded 1990 ng/L Sb. Pristine groundwater containing 1.7+/-0.4 ng/L Sb (n = 6) yielded 26.6+/-2.3 ng/L Sb (n = 3) after storage in PET(E) bottles from Canada for 6 months versus 281+/-38 ng/L Sb (n = 3) in PET(E) bottles from Germany. Tap water bottled commercially in PET(E) in December 2005 contained 450+/-56 ng/L Sb (n = 3) versus 70.3+/-0.3 ng/L Sb (n = 3) when sampled from a household faucet in the same village (Bammental, Germany), and 25.7+/-1.5 ng/L Sb (n = 3) from a local artesian flow.
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Contaminants originating in the chemical composition of plastic bottles are often found in bottled water; contamination type and concentration depend on the container type and storage conditions.
“Contaminants originating in the chemical composition of plastic bottles are often found in bottled water. Contamination type and concentration depend on the container type [62] and storage conditions, which affect the rate at which the chemicals leach into the water [73-75].”
From Bottled Water: An Evidence-Based Overview of Economic Viability, Environmental Impact, and Social Equity (2023) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Shotyk, W., & Krachler, M.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Shotyk, William
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-01-24
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1560-1563
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2073235019
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- antimony leaching, PET bottles, bottled water contamination, storage stability, mineral water, groundwater contamination, drinking water quality
- MeSH terms
- Antimony, Polyethylene Terephthalates, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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