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Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions

Lotya, Mustafa, Hernandez, Yenny, King, Paul J., Smith, Ronan J., Nicolosi, Valeria, Karlsson, Lisa S., Blighe, Fiona M., De, Sukanta, Wang, Zhiming, McGovern, I. T., Duesberg, Georg S., Coleman, Jonathan N.·2009·Journal of the American Chemical Society
DOI 10.1021/ja807449u
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Abstract

We have demonstrated a method to disperse and exfoliate graphite to give graphene suspended in water-surfactant solutions. Optical characterization of these suspensions allowed the partial optimization of the dispersion process. Transmission electron microscopy showed the dispersed phase to consist of small graphitic flakes. More than 40% of these flakes had <5 layers with approximately 3% of flakes consisting of monolayers. Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy shows the monolayers to be generally free of defects. The dispersed graphitic flakes are stabilized against reaggregation by Coulomb repulsion due to the adsorbed surfactant. We use DLVO and Hamaker theory to describe this stabilization. However, the larger flakes tend to sediment out over approximately 6 weeks, leaving only small flakes dispersed. It is possible to form thin films by vacuum filtration of these dispersions. Raman and IR spectroscopic analysis of these films suggests the flakes to be largely free of defects and oxides, although X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows evidence of a small oxide population. Individual graphene flakes can be deposited onto mica by spray coating, allowing statistical analysis of flake size and thickness. Vacuum filtered films are reasonably conductive and are semitransparent. Further improvements may result in the development of cheap transparent conductors.

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Citations

Cites

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Metadata

Authors
Lotya, M., Hernandez, Y., King, P. J., Smith, R. J., Nicolosi, V., Karlsson, L. S., Blighe, F. M., De, S., Wang, Z., McGovern, I. T., Duesberg, G. S., & Coleman, J. N.
Venue
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2009-02-19
Volume
131
Issue
10
Pages
3611-3620
ISSN
  • 0002-7863 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5126
DOI
10.1021/ja807449u
OpenAlex
W2020306845
Cited by
2,282
References
2
FWCI
59.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.