Cathode Kinetics Evaluation in Lean-Electrolyte Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Abstract

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries afford great promise on achieving practical high energy density beyond lithium-ion batteries. Lean-electrolyte conditions constitute the prerequisite for achieving high-energy-density Li–S batteries but inevitably deteriorates battery performances, especially the sulfur cathode kinetics. Herein, the polarizations of the sulfur cathode are systematically decoupled to identify the key kinetic limiting factor in lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries. Concretely, an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined galvanostatic intermittent titration technique method is developed to decouple the cathodic polarizations into activation, concentration, and ohmic parts. Therein, activation polarization during lithium sulfide nucleation emerges as the dominant polarization as the electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio (E/S ratio) decreases, and the sluggish interfacial charge transfer kinetics is identified as the main reason for degraded cell performances under lean-electrolyte conditions. Accordingly, a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide electrolyte is proposed to decrease activation polarization, and Li–S batteries adopting this electrolyte provide a discharge capacity of 985 mAh g –1 under a low E/S ratio of 4 μL mg –1 at 0.2 C. This work identifies the key kinetic limiting factor of lean-electrolyte Li–S batteries and provides guidance on designing rational promotion strategies to achieve advanced Li–S batteries.