Opportunities and Challenges of Metal–Organic Framework Micro/Nano Reactors for Cascade Reactions
Open accessAbstract
Building bridges among different types of catalysts to construct cascades is a highly worthwhile pursuit, such as chemo-, bio-, and chemo-bio cascade reactions. Cascade reactions can improve the reaction efficiency and selectivity while reducing steps of separation and purification, thereby promoting the development of "green chemistry". However, compatibility issues in cascade reactions pose significant constraints on the development of this field, particularly concerning the compatibility of diverse catalyst types, reaction conditions, and reaction rates. Metal-organic framework micro/nano reactors (MOF-MNRs) are porous crystalline materials formed by the self-assembly coordination of metal sites and organic ligands, possessing a periodic network structure. Due to the uniform pore size with the capability of controlling selective transfer of substances as well as protecting active substances and the organic-inorganic parts providing reactive microenvironment, MOF-MNRs have attracted significant attention in cascade reactions in recent years. In this Perspective, we first discuss how to address compatibility issues in cascade reactions using MOF-MNRs, including structural design and synthetic strategies. Then we summarize the research progress on MOF-MNRs in various cascade reactions. Finally, we analyze the challenges facing MOF-MNRs and potential breakthrough directions and opportunities for the future.
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Regeneration efficiency varies widely among MOF frameworks, and large-scale production still requires substantial solvent and energy input, raising sustainability concerns.
“In addition, regeneration efficiency varies widely among frameworks, and large-scale production still requires substantial solvent and energy input, raising sustainability concerns.225–229”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [229]
The Summary and Outlook, under “Design and Fabrication of MOF-MNRs” (page unavailable), identifies scaling up MOF-MNR production for industrial use as a challenge. It does not say that regeneration efficiency varies among frameworks or that large-scale production requires substantial solvent and energy input; searches for those points found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFormulating MOFs into pellets, granules, or membranes often reduces accessible active sites.
“Thus, MOFs must be formulated into pellets, granules, or membranes, but these processes often reduce accessible active sites.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [229]
The Construction Strategy section discusses MOF pores, active sites, and an example of MOF capsules fixed to polystyrene membranes, but it does not say that formulating MOFs reduces accessible active sites. Searches for pellets, granules, and shaping-related losses found no passage addressing that claim. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFine MOF powders, though effective in batch adsorption, are unsuitable for continuous-flow systems due to high pressure drops and potential material loss.
“Fine MOF powders, though effective in batch adsorption, are unsuitable for continuous-flow systems due to high pressure drops and potential material loss.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [229]
The Construction Strategy section discusses assembling MOF nanoparticles into capsules, and the Summary and Outlook calls for catalyst shaping for industrial use. Neither passage addresses fine powders in batch adsorption or says that pressure drops and material loss make them unsuitable for continuous-flow systems. Searches for those terms found no supporting passage in our copy; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hussein, E. B., Rasheed, F. A., Mohammed, A. S., & Kayani, K. F. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra06914a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“225 – 229 Nevertheless, research progress is steadily bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and industrial application.”
- Authors
- Wu, P., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Fan, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., & Huo, F.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Tech University (CN)
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Weina
- Huo, Fengwei
- Venue
- JACS Au
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-08-30
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2413-2435
- ISSN
- 2691-3704 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10523373
- OpenAlex
- W4386280221
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- JACS Au (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20200090)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21727808, 21908105, 21971114, 22205100, 62288102)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Covalent Organic Framework Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
- Keywords
- metal-organic frameworks, cascade reactions, green chemistry, porous crystalline materials, structural design, synthetic strategies, reaction selectivity
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