Fabrication of Self-Assembled (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Ovalbumin–Dextran Conjugate Nanoparticles and Their Transport across Monolayers of Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells
Abstract
Nanoparticles have the potential to increase bioavailability of nutraceutical compounds such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Ovalbumin was conjugated with dextran using the Maillard reaction. The resultant ovalbumin-dextran (O-D) conjugates were self-assembled with EGCG to form EGCG O-D conjugate nanoparticles at pH 5.2 after heating at 80 °C for 60 min. Ovalbumin in EGCG O-D conjugate nanoparticles was further cross-linked by glutaraldehyde for 24 h at room temperature. EGCG O-D conjugate nanoparticles and cross-linked EGCG O-D conjugate nanoparticles in aqueous suspension had particle sizes of 285 and 339 nm, respectively, and showed a spherical morphology. The loading efficiencies of EGCG in these two nanoparticles were 23.4 and 30.0%, whereas the loading capacities were 19.6 and 20.9%, respectively. These nanoparticles showed positive zeta-potentials in a pH range from 2.5 to 4.0 but had negative charges at pH ≥5.0. EGCG O-D conjugate nanoparticles maintained a particle size of 183-349 nm in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and 188-291 nm in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) at 37 °C for 2 h, whereas cross-linked nanoparticles had particle sizes of 294-527 nm in SGF and 206-300 nm in SIF. Limited release of EGCG was observed in both nanoparticle systems in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids without and with digestive enzymes. EGCG O-D conjugate nanoparticles significantly enhanced the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of EGCG on Caco-2 monolayers compared with EGCG solution, suggesting that these nanoparticles may improve the absorption of EGCG.
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Nanoparticles are formulated with hydrophobic groups inside and polar groups on the surface and have shown to significantly enhance the solubility and bioavailability of less-water-soluble phenolic phytochemicals.
“Nanoparticles are formulated with hydrophobic groups inside and polar groups on the surface of particles and have shown to significantly enhance the solubility and bioavailability of less-water-soluble phenolic phytochemicals (264).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [264]
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A review: using nanoparticles to enhance absorption and bioavailability of phenolic phytochemicals
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- Authors
- Li, Z., & Gu, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gu, Liwei
- Venue
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-01-28
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1301-1309
- ISSN
- 0021-8561 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5118
- OpenAlex
- W3021595664
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Tea Polyphenols and Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- epigallocatechin gallate, nanoparticle self-assembly, Maillard reaction, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, intestinal absorption, Caco-2 cell monolayers, simulated gastrointestinal fluids, drug release, apparent permeability coefficient, protein-polysaccharide conjugates
- MeSH terms
- Catechin, Dextrans, Digestion, Drug Stability, Glutaral, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intestinal Absorption, Intestinal Mucosa, Ovalbumin, Particle Size, Maillard Reaction, Caco-2 Cells, Gastrointestinal Tract, Nanoparticles
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