Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Microbial cell biomass is utilized as the primary origin of protein and amino acids by host animals.

“Besides, microbial cell biomass is also utilized as the primary origin of protein and amino acids by host animals (3).”

• cites [3] Storm, 1983, The nutritive value of rumen micro-organisms in ruminants: 1. Large-scale isolation and chemical composition of rumen micro-organisms, Br J Nutr. sourcePartly supported

  The opening section reports that, for a wide range of normal diets, 60–85% of the protein passing to a ruminant’s small intestine is of microbial origin, and that rumen microbes synthesize amino acids. This supports the claim for ruminants, but not its unqualified extension to host animals generally. The supplied passage does not give a page number. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Plant secondary metabolites are natural substances with the potential ability to alter rumen fermentation without causing microbial resistance, and their residual effects can positively affect the animal end products.

“Plant secondary metabolites are natural substances with the potential ability to alter rumen fermentation without causing microbial resistance, and their residual effects can positively affect the animal end products (27, 28).”

• cites [27] Wallace, 2002, Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation, Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract describes plant secondary compounds as promising natural manipulators of rumen fermentation. In “Essential oils and ruminants” (page not provided), the paper says one comparison suggested ruminal bacteria did not adapt to essential oils, but it does not establish that plant secondary metabolites generally avoid microbial resistance. “Future Prospects” discusses possible improvements to ruminant products while warning that additives could adversely affect meat or milk quality; it does not report positive residual effects on end products. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [28] Kholif, 2020, Phytogenic feed additives mixture enhances the lactational performance, feed utilization and ruminal fermentation of Friesian cows, Animal Biotechnol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During rumen fermentation, CO2 and H2 are converted into CH4 by methanogens like Methanopyrales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanocellales, and Methanosarcinales.

“During rumen fermentation of feed, some by-products are additionally produced, such as CO2 and H2, which are further converted into CH4 by some methanogens like Methanopyrales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanocellales, and Methanosarcinales).”

• cites [6] Stewart, 1997, The rumen bacteria sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [7] Paul, 2012, Methanoplasmatales: thermoplasmatales-related archaea in termite guts and other environments are the seventh order of methanogens, Appl Environ Microbiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [8] Poulsen, 2013, Methylotrophic methanogenic Thermoplasmata implicated in reduced methane emissions from bovine rumen, Nat Commun. sourcePartly supported

  Our copy says that rumen methanogens in Methanobacteriales and Methanomicrobiales use H₂/CO₂ produced during fermentation (Abstract; page unavailable). It does not identify Methanopyrales, Methanococcales, Methanocellales, or Methanosarcinales as rumen methanogens carrying out that conversion; the Rumen metatranscriptomics section instead identifies Methanobacteriales and RCC Thermoplasmata in the sampled rumen community. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Most chemical additives either are noxious to host animals or present a temporary impact on methanogenesis.

“However, most chemical additives either are noxious to host animals or present a temporary impact on methanogenesis (24, 25).”

• cites [24] Moss, 2000, Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming, Annal Zootechnie. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.1.1 (Direct inhibition; page unavailable) reports that chloral hydrate caused liver damage and death in sheep, while several other methane inhibitors had effects that declined or were transient. It does not establish that most chemical additives overall are harmful to host animals or have only temporary effects; it also describes an inhibitor combination that may suppress emissions over a prolonged period. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [25] Khattab, 2017, Impact of lemongrass and galangal as feed additives on performance of lactating Barki goats, Int J Dairy Sci. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction (page not available) discusses concern about antibiotic residues in meat and milk, not harm to host animals from most chemical additives. The Discussion (page not available) mentions methanogenesis but does not say that chemical additives have only a temporary effect on it. Searches for additive toxicity and temporary effects found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some archaea (Methanoplasmatales or Thermoplasmatales) can form CH4 through substrates such as methanol and mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine.

“Some archaea (Methanoplasmatales or Thermoplasmatales) can also form CH4 through other substrates, such as methanol and mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine (6–8).”

• cites [6] Stewart, 1997, The rumen bacteria sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [7] Paul, 2012, Methanoplasmatales: thermoplasmatales-related archaea in termite guts and other environments are the seventh order of methanogens, Appl Environ Microbiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [8] Poulsen, 2013, Methylotrophic methanogenic Thermoplasmata implicated in reduced methane emissions from bovine rumen, Nat Commun. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The rumen microbiome varies significantly among different animals, but intra-animal variation in microflora is quite less.

“Moreover, the rumen microbiome varies significantly among different animals, but intra-animal variation in microflora is quite less (16).”

• cites [16] Jami, 2012, Effects of adding a concentrated pomegranate-residue extract to the ration of lactating cows on in vivo digestibility and profile of rumen bacterial population, J Dairy Sci. sourceCould not verify

  The Whole Bacterial Community Analysis section (page unavailable) compares cows before and after pomegranate-extract supplementation and reports significant changes at the higher doses. It does not compare variation among animals with variation within the same animal. Searches for inter-animal and intra-animal variation found no passage establishing the claimed relationship. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Highly efficient animals produce less CH4 and produce more milk, consuming less feed owing to their unique set of rumen microbiome.

“Highly efficient animals produce less CH4 and produce more milk, consuming less feed owing to their unique set of rumen microbiome (13).”

• cites [13] Huws, 2018, Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future, Front Microbiol. sourcePartly supported

  In “Global agricultural challenges” (page not provided), the review says more feed-efficient steers require less feed to achieve the same production parameters—not that they produce more milk. In “Developing microbiome biomarkers for prediction of ruminant phenotype” (page not provided), it links rumen microbial differences to feed efficiency and suggests some may also reduce methane, but presents that connection cautiously rather than as a general trait of highly efficient animals. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Genetic manipulation of rumen microbiota is possible through different techniques as host genetics influences some heritable microbial traits.

“However, genetic manipulation of rumen microbiota is also possible through different techniques as host genetics influences some heritable microbial traits (81–83).”

• cites [81] Li, 2019, Host genetics influence the rumen microbiota and heritable rumen microbial features associate with feed efficiency in cattle, Microbiome. sourceSupported
• cites [82] Brito, 2020, Genetic mechanisms underlying feed utilization and implementation of genomic selection for improved feed efficiency in dairy cattle, Can J Anim Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The sections on heritability estimates and host–microbiome interactions report heritable microbial features and links to host genetics. The role-of-rumen-microbiome section describes genetic selection for a desirable profile as a potential, not an established means of manipulating rumen microbiota through different techniques. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [83] Terry, 2020, Invited review: strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle production, Can J Anim Sci. sourcePartly supported

  In “Efficiency in the Rumen Microbiome” (pp. 21–22), the paper reports heritable microbial traits and says host genetics may influence the rumen microbiome. It proposes genetic selection as a possible future way to manipulate the microbiome, but does not establish that genetic manipulation is already possible through different techniques. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rumen bacteria play a dominant role in fiber digestion, although anaerobic fungi and protozoa contribute to lignocellulose breakdown by attacking lignocellulosic material differently and discharging different enzyme complexes.

“Rumen bacteria play a dominant role in fiber digestion, although anaerobic fungi and protozoa have been reported to contribute to lignocellulose breakdown by attacking lignocellulosic material differently (60, 64) and discharging different enzyme complexes (101).”

• cites [60] Edwards, 2017, PCR and omics based techniques to study the diversity, ecology and biology of anaerobic fungi: insights, challenges and opportunities, Front Microbiol. sourcePartly supported

  The Proteomics section reports secreted plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes in anaerobic fungi, and the Genomics section describes fungal cellulosomes as multi-enzyme complexes that accelerate lignocellulose degradation (pages unavailable). These passages support the enzyme-complex point for fungi, but do not establish that protozoa discharge different enzyme complexes. Citation (101) is attached to the enzyme-complex phrase, not the preceding claim about bacteria’s dominant role. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [64] Newbold, 2015, The role of ciliate protozoa in the rumen, Front Microbiol. sourcePartly supported

  Citation (101) is attached to the claim about discharging different enzyme complexes. The ‘Functional Genes in Rumen Ciliate Protozoa’ section reports a wide range of protozoal fibrolytic enzymes, but does not establish that fungi and protozoa discharge different enzyme complexes. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [101] Puniya, 2015, Role of live microbial feed supplements with reference to anaerobic fungi in ruminant productivity: a review, J Integr Agric. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Dietary lipids are usually enriched in PUFA, which can make complexes with bacterial cell walls and are considered toxic to gram-positive bacteria in the rumen.

“These dietary lipids are usually enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (121), which can make complexes with bacterial cell walls and are considered toxic to gram-positive bacteria in the rumen (122).”

• cites [121] Lourenco, 2010, The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation, Animal. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and “Manipulating ruminal biohydrogenation” sections report that PUFA can be toxic to rumen microorganisms, particularly biohydrogenating bacteria. The passages do not say that PUFA form complexes with bacterial cell walls or specify toxicity to gram-positive bacteria. The dietary-PUFA statement is attached to a different citation (121). (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [122] Kim, 2002, The enrichment of a ruminal bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii YJ-4) that produces the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, J Appl Microbiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Supplementation of vegetable oil (sunflower and linseed) at 6% in high-concentrate total mixed ration can reduce CH4 emission by up to 21-28%, reduce butyrate concentration and acetate-to-propionate ratio, and increase propionate concentration.

“An in vitro study of Vargas et al. (141) shows that supplementation of vegetable oil (sunflower and linseed) at 6% in high-concentrate TMR has the potential to reduce CH4 emission (up to 21–28%), butyrate concentration, and A:P, while increasing propionate concentration.”

• cites [141] Vargas, 2020, Dietary supplemental plant oils reduce methanogenesis from anaerobic microbial fermentation in the rumen, Sci Rep. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Addition of condensed tannin extracts to the diet reduces populations of methanogenic archaea and some cellulolytic bacteria (R. flavefaciens).

“The addition of CT extracts to the diet reduced populations of methanogenic archaea and some cellulolytic bacteria (R. flavefaciens) (201).”

• cites [201] Bhatta, 2009, Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations, J Dairy Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports that incubating a basal diet with tannin sources containing both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins reduced methanogenic archaeal populations. It does not report a reduction in R. flavefaciens; the study measured total bacterial counts, which increased in one set of HT + CT incubations. Its findings are from in vitro incubation, not animals fed a diet. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Acacia tannin supplementation at 15 g/d/animal increases the diversity and abundance of butyrate-producing and other beneficial bacteria and enhances amino acid metabolic pathways and purine, pyrimidine, and sphingolipid metabolism in lambs.

“Furthermore, supplementation also increased the diversity and abundance of butyrate-producing and other beneficial bacteria (including probiotic species like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillusamino), while enhancing the amino acid metabolic pathways and purine, pyrimidine, and sphingolipid metabolism (176).”

• cites [176] Corrêa, 2020, Tannin supplementation modulates the composition and function of ruminal microbiome in lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, FEMS Microbiol Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Saponins reduce protozoal population and some methanogens associated with protozoa, although their effect on methanogens does not always correlate with the effect on protozoa.

“Saponins reduce the protozoal population and some methanogens associated with protozoa, although their effect on methanogens does not always correlate with the effect on protozoa (31).”

• cites [31] Jayanegara, 2014, Meta-analysis on methane mitigating properties of saponin-rich sources in the rumen: influence of addition levels and plant sources, Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that protozoal counts fell at higher saponin levels, and the Discussion says methanogens associated with protozoa also decrease. The Discussion does not say that effects on methanogens sometimes fail to correlate with effects on protozoa; its caveat instead concerns methanogen activity and methane emissions. It also notes that methanogen measures were not included in the meta-analysis (Discussion, Influence of addition levels; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Hederagenin bis-succinate obtained by hydrolysis of ivy fruit extract shifts fermentation toward propionate, attributed to structural modifications that mediated the diversity of bacterial communities.

“Hederagenin bis-succinate (HBS) obtained by hydrolysis of ivy fruit extract has shown to shift fermentation toward propionate, attributed to its structural modifications that mediated the diversity of bacterial communities (167).”

• cites [167] Ramos-Morales, 2017, Antiprotozoal effect of saponins in the rumen can be enhanced by chemical modifications in their structure, Front Microbiol. sourcePartly supported

  The Methods describe hydrolyzing ivy fruit extract to obtain hederagenin, then synthesizing its bis-ester derivatives. Results Table 5 shows that hederagenin bis-succinate increased propionate's share of total volatile fatty acids after 24 hours of in vitro incubation. The paper does not establish that a change in bacterial-community diversity mediated this shift; the Discussion only suggests that other microorganisms may also have been affected. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Tannins can modify the ruminal microbiome, reduce protein degradation, decrease methanogenesis, and inhibit fatty acid biohydrogenation.

“Tannins can modify the ruminal microbiome, reduce protein degradation, decrease methanogenesis, and inhibit FA biohydrogenation (174, 175).”

• cites [174] Patra, 2012, Dietary tannins on microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract in ruminants sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [175] Canul-Solis, 2020, Mitigation of rumen methane emissions with foliage and pods of tropical trees, Animals. sourcePartly supported

  Section 6 (page not available) says low concentrations of condensed tannins protect proteins from microbial degradation in the rumen, supporting the protein-degradation part. It discusses changes in rumen fermentation, methane production, and fatty-acid biohydrogenation for secondary metabolites or tropical-tree feeds more broadly, but does not establish all three effects specifically for tannins. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

As a subunit of hydrolyzable tannin, gallic acid has the potential to decrease the environmental impact of ruminants by lowering CH4 and NH3 emissions without decreasing animal performance.

“As a subunit of HT, gallic acid has the potential to decrease the environmental impact of ruminants (by lowering CH4 and NH3 emissions) without decreasing animal performance (180).”

• cites [180] Aboagye, 2019, Use of gallic acid and hydrolyzable tannins to reduce methane emission and nitrogen excretion in beef cattle fed a diet containing alfalfa silage, J Anim Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction identifies gallic acid as a component of hydrolyzable tannins, and the Methane Emission Measurement conclusion says it has potential to lower CH4 without reducing feed digestibility in beef cattle on a high-protein forage diet (page unavailable). But that conclusion says gallic acid may not reduce overall NH3 emissions from manure relative to the other tannins; it proposes N2O, not NH3, as the other emission it may lower. The paper reports feed intake and digestibility, not animal performance directly. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The activity of saponins fluctuates and even reduces during long-term studies, probably because of microbial adaptation.

“However, studies have revealed that the activity of saponins fluctuates and even reduces during long-term studies (158), probably because of microbial adaptation (169).”

• cites [158] Yuliana, 2019, Extracted saponin from sapindus rarak and hibiscus sp. As an additive in cassava leaf silage: effects on chemical composition, rumen fermentation and microbial population, Adv Anim Vet Sci. sourceCould not verify

  Citation (169) is attached to the proposed explanation, microbial adaptation. The Results and Discussion (p. 535) report that saponin addition did not alter the measured rumen microbial populations, but do not discuss adaptation or link it to declining activity over time. Searches for adaptation and long-term effects found no passage addressing that explanation. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [169] Patra, 2012, Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: a synthesis of current research and future directions, Environ Monitor Assess. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Tea saponin does not affect methanogens and the total bacterial population including R. flavefaciens, R. albus, and Butyrivibrio, but effectively reduces protozoa.

“According to Liu et al. (157), tea saponin did not affect methanogens and the total bacterial population including R. flavefaciens R. albus, and Butyrivibrio. However, protozoa were effectively reduced in response to tea saponins.”

• cites [157] Liu, 2019, Effects of tea saponin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, methanogenesis, and ruminal microbial flora in dorper crossbred ewe, Animals. sourcePartly supported

  Results §3.3 reports no change in methanogens, total bacteria, R. flavefaciens, R. albus, or B. fibrisolvens. It reports only a tendency for protozoa to decrease (p = 0.054), so “effectively reduced” overstates that finding. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Hydrolyzable tannins, such as gallic acid subunits, directly inhibit methanogens, but the action of condensed tannins on rumen CH4 production is variable.

“It may be attributed to the fact that HT (e.g., gallic acid subunits) directly inhibit methanogens, but the action of CT on rumen CH4 production is variable (172, 207).”

• cites [172] Aboagye, 2019, Potential of molecular weight and structure of tannins to reduce methane emissions from ruminants: a review, Animals. sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.2.1 says hydrolysable tannins may act directly on methanogens, but emphasizes that the mechanism has not been definitively demonstrated. Section 4.2 also says gallic acid may have antimethanogenic effects; it does not establish that gallic acid directly inhibits methanogens. The Introduction supports the claim that condensed tannins have inconsistent effects on methane reduction. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [207] Goel, 2012, Methane mitigation from ruminants using tannins and saponins, Trop Anim Health Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Dietary supplementation of oak tannin reduces urinary N excretion by 12% and increases α-linolenic acid content in milk by 17.7% without affecting CH4 production.

“Dietary supplementation of oak tannin has also been shown to reduce the urinary N excretion by 12% while increasing α-linolenic acid content in milk by 17.7% without affecting CH4 production (190).”

• cites [190] Focant, 2019, The effect of oak tannin (Quercus robur) and hops (Humulus lupulus) on dietary nitrogen efficiency, methane emission, and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed a low-protein diet including linseed, J Dairy Sci. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Tannin-containing hay reduces CH4 emission (5.4 DM vs. 3.5 ml/g) and urea N excretion in beef cattle.

“Tannin containing hay has been shown to reduce the CH4 emission (5.4 DM vs. 3.5 ml/g) and urea N excretion in beef cattle (187).”

• cites [187] Stewart, 2019, Effect of tannin-containing hays on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen partitioning in beef cattle, J Anim Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports less urinary urea N in cows and heifers fed tannin-containing hays, and the Results and Conclusion report reduced methane yield for cows fed small burnet hay. The claimed 5.4 versus 3.5 ml/g comparison is not reported in the retrieved passages; the paper reports methane yield in g/kg of dry matter intake. Its methane finding is also conditional: heifers fed the same hay did not show reduced methane yield. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Chestnut tannin has sufficient potential to reduce methanogenesis without compromising feed efficiency and animal performance due to its neutral effect on NDF digestibility.

“Chestnut tannin possesses sufficient potential to reduce methanogenesis, without compromising feed efficiency and animal performance due to its neutral effect on NDF digestibility (177).”

• cites [177] Mannelli, 2019, Effects of chestnut tannin extract, vescalagin and gallic acid on the dimethyl acetals profile and microbial community composition in rumen liquor: an in vitro study, Microorganisms. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tannins possess antioxidant properties as they can scavenge free radicals due to hydroxyl groups, degree of polymerization, and redox activities.

“Tannins also possess antioxidant properties as they can scavenge free radicals due to hydroxyl groups, degree of polymerization, and redox activities (216–218).”

• cites [216] Ariga, 1990, Radical scavenging action and its mode in procyanidins B-1 and B-3 from azuki beans to peroxyl radicals, Agri Biol Chem. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [217] Ricci, 2016, Antioxidant activity of commercial food grade tannins exemplified in a wine model, Food Additiv Contaminants A sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [218] Nawab, 2020, The potential effect of dietary tannins on enteric methane emission and ruminant production; as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives–a review, Annal Anim Sci sourcePartly supported

  The ‘Gaps in the literature and recommendation for future study’ section states that tannins have strong antioxidant activity. It does not attribute that activity to free-radical scavenging, hydroxyl groups, degree of polymerization, or redox activity. The ‘Effects of tannins on milk secretion’ section links hydroxyl groups to antimicrobial activity instead. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pomegranate as hydrolyzable tannin has better antioxidant activity in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, with no adverse effects on cell viability and apoptosis, and protective effects against membrane lipid peroxidation by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species.

“Pomegranate as hydrolyzable tannin has shown better antioxidant activity as tested on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells; it has no adverse effects on cell viability and apoptosis. Pomegranate has also exhibited protective effects against membrane lipid peroxidation, owing to its potent ability to reduce the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (224).”

• cites [224] Ciampi, 2020, Evaluation of natural plant extracts as antioxidants in a bovine in vitro model of oxidative stress, J Dairy Sci sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Garcia et al. revealed that the chemical composition of essential oils, especially the proportion of oxygenated compounds, has a positive interaction with fermentation pattern and promising potential for CH4 mitigation.

“Recently, Garcia et al. (238) revealed that the chemical composition of EO, especially proportion of oxygenated compounds, has a positive interaction with fermentation pattern and indicate promising potential regarding CH4 mitigation.”

• cites [238] Garcia, 2020, The reduction of methane production in the in vitro ruminal fermentation of different substrates is linked with the chemical composition of the essential oil, Animals. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Supplementation of oregano essential oil at 4 and 7 g/d promoted the population of primary cellulolytic bacteria and ruminal fungi, respectively, in sheep.

“Supplementation of oregano EO at 4 and 7 g/d promoted the population of primary cellulolytic bacteria and ruminal fungi, respectively, in sheep (241).”

• cites [241] Zhou, 2019, Effects of oregano essential oil on the ruminal pH and microbial population of sheep, PLoS ONE. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Prolonged use of the purified form of secondary compounds can lead to antimicrobial resistance, but tannin supplementation as a crude extract of mixtures offers a major advantage to control antimicrobial resistance.

“Prolonged use of the purified form of secondary compounds can lead to antimicrobial resistance; however, tannin supplementation as a crude extract of mixtures (having different molecular sizes) offers a major advantage to control antimicrobial resistance (226).”

• cites [226] Huang, 2018, Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production, Anim Nutr. sourcePartly supported

  The Challenges section says prolonged use of purified plant compounds may lead to antimicrobial resistance and that complex tannin mixtures would reduce the likelihood of resistance. It also says little research has been done on this question, so the claim overstates a proposed advantage as an established way to control resistance. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Tannins have effective inhibitory effects on ruminal protein degradation and CH4 emission but require careful selection of diets and nutrient composition to avoid adverse effects on feed digestibility and efficiency.

“This shows the effective inhibitory effects of tannins on ruminal protein degradation and CH4 emission but requires careful selection of diets and nutrient composition to avoid adverse effects on feed digestibility and efficiency (229).”

• cites [229] Min, 2020, Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: a review of plant tannins mitigation options, Anim Nutr sourcePartly supported

  The Tannins section (page unavailable) reports that tannin-containing diets can reduce enteric CH4, but says the effect varies and that high-tannin diets can harm production when dietary protein is limiting. The rumen-fermentation section (page unavailable) says condensed tannins bind plant proteins and interfere with protein digestion, but does not establish uniformly effective inhibition of ruminal protein degradation; it also reports increased proteolysis in some studies. The review supports careful diet formulation to avoid adverse effects, while the claim overstates the consistency of the inhibitory effects. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Dietary supplementation of essential oils (coriander, geranyl acetate, and eugenol) reduced CH4 production up to 6% per cow/day and 20% less CH4 per kg of milk.

“Dietary supplementation of EO (coriander, geranyl acetate, and eugenol) reduced CH4 production up to 6% per cow/day and 20% less CH4 per kg of milk.”

• cites [253] Hart, 2019, An essential oil blend decreases methane emissions and increases milk yield in dairy cows, Open J Anim Sci. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rumen microbial taxa (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Schwartzia) exhibit a strong association with host antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory functions.

“A recent study has revealed that rumen microbial taxa (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Schwartzia) exhibited a strong association with host antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory functions (225).”

• cites [225] Wang, 2020, Mining novel specific rumen bacteria to enhance the bioactive function of mulberry leaf in promoting host antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory, Researchsquare sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Essential oils are most effective against gram-positive bacteria and possess almost no activity against gram-negative bacteria because of their hydrophilic bilayer, except thymol and carvacrol.

“They are most effective against gram +ve bacteria and possess almost no activity against gram –ve (because of their hydrophilic bilayer) except thymol and carvacrol (232).”

• cites [232] Zengin, 2014, Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil terpenes against pathogenic and spoilage-forming bacteria and cell structure-activity relationships evaluated by SEM microscopy, Molecules. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.5 says Gram-positive bacteria are generally more sensitive to terpenes and explains how the hydrophilic surface of some Gram-negative bacteria can impede entry. But Section 2.2 reports that Gram-negative E. coli and Salmonella were inhibited by α-terpineol, linalool, and eucalyptol. The claim that Gram-negative bacteria have almost no susceptibility except to thymol and carvacrol overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It has been proposed that higher molecular weight compounds such as polyphenols are not dissolved well in water.

“It has been proposed that higher molecular weight compounds (such as polyphenols) were not dissolved well in water (263).”

• cites [263] Gao, 2010, Bioavailability challenges associated with development of anti-cancer phenolics, Mini Rev Med Chem. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.3 reports poor water solubility for some phenolics, including ellagic acid and potentially lignans. It does not say that higher molecular weight makes polyphenols poorly soluble in water; indeed, it says water solubility is usually not a major impediment for flavonoids. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Essential oil-cobalt complexes have shown positive effects in ruminants by enhancing productive performance while decreasing NH3 emissions.

“Essential oil–cobalt complexes have shown positive effects in ruminants by enhancing productive performance while decreasing NH3 emissions (233).”

• cites [233] Lei, 2019, Ruminal metagenomic analyses of goat data reveals potential functional microbiota by supplementation with essential oil-cobalt complexes, BMC Microbiol. sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Microbial metabolites and morphology in the goat rumen; page unavailable) report significantly increased average daily gain and reduced ruminal NH3-N production with EOC supplementation. The Conclusions suggest EOC could reduce ammonia emissions, but the reported measurement is ruminal ammonia production, not emissions. The claim overstates that part as an observed effect. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Each essential oil possesses a complex mixture of phytochemicals, and their synergistic effects can lead to synthesis of new compounds with different bioactivity not achievable with individual compounds.

“This is mainly because each EO possesses a complex mixture of phytochemicals and their synergistic effects can lead to the synthesis of new compounds with a quite different bioactivity that could not be harvested with individual compounds (29, 262).”

• cites [29] Calsamiglia, 2007, Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [262] McIntosh, 2003, Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism, Appl Environ Microbiol. sourcePartly supported

  The methods passage (labelled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) describes a defined blend containing thymol, eugenol, vanillin, and limonene, supporting the point that the preparation contains multiple compounds. The paper does not say that each essential oil has a complex phytochemical mixture or that interactions synthesize new compounds with bioactivity unattainable from individual compounds. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The subcellular size allows penetration of nanoparticles or nanoemulsion droplets into microbial cells, leading to enhanced activity.

“This allows the penetration of the nanoparticles or nanoemulsion droplets to the microbial cells leading to enhanced activity (265, 266).”

• cites [265] Gopal, 2016, Bactericidal activity of green tea extracts: the importance of catechin containing nano particles, Sci Rep. sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports that catechin-containing near-nano and nano-sized green tea particles contribute to enhanced antimicrobial activity, and the Results report reduced antibacterial activity when smaller particles are removed. The paper does not say that the particles penetrate microbial cells or that penetration explains the activity; it also does not study nanoemulsion droplets. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [266] Li, 2015, A review: using nanoparticles to enhance absorption and bioavailability of phenolic phytochemicals, Food Hydrocolloids. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Increased feed efficiency and calcium homeostasis have been observed with supplementation of a plant bioactive essential oil blend (>80% menthol, eugenol, and anethol).

“Increased feed efficiency and calcium homeostasis have been observed with supplementation of a plant bioactive EO blend (>80% menthol, eugenol, and anethol).”

• cites [259] Braun, 2019, Dietary supplementation of essential oils in dairy cows: evidence for stimulatory effects on nutrient absorption, Animal. sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports significantly elevated feed efficiency and plasma calcium after supplementation with a blend containing more than 80% menthol plus smaller amounts of eugenol and anethol. The Conclusion says these effects *suggest* improved calcium homeostasis; it does not report calcium homeostasis itself as an observed outcome. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Some studies showed contrary findings: feeding oregano essential oil did not reduce CH4 yield and had no effect on animal performance and rumen fermentation.

“Some studies involving supplementation of EO in ruminants have shown contrary findings as the feeding of oregano EO did not reduce CH4 yield together with no effect on animal performance and rumen fermentation (240, 248).”

• cites [240] Benchaar, 2020, Feeding oregano oil and its main component carvacrol does not affect ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, methane emissions, milk production, or milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows, J Dairy Sci. sourceSupported
• cites [248] Olijhoek, 2019, Effect of dried oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plant material in feed on methane production, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports no reduction in methane yield from dried oregano with high or low essential-oil content, and the Rumen Fermentation and milk-production results show no effects on those measures in the high-essential-oil experiment. But the cows were fed dried oregano plant material, not oregano essential oil itself. The low-essential-oil experiment also found changes in some rumen measures and milk yield, so the blanket statement of no effects is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zhou et al. suggested that oregano essential oil (52 mg/L) in mature ruminants can modify ruminal fermentation and mitigate in vitro CH4 production through mediating ruminal bacteria (Prevotella and Dialister).

“Recently, Zhou et al. (239) suggested that oregano EO (52 mg/L) in mature ruminants can modify ruminal fermentation and mitigate in vitro CH4 production through mediating ruminal bacteria (Prevotella and Dialister).”

• cites [239] Zhou, 2020, Effects of oregano essential oil on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production, and ruminal microbial community, J Dairy Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Effects on Total Gas and Methane Production section reports reduced in vitro methane with increasing oregano essential oil, and the Rumen Microbial Community section reports increased Prevotella and Dialister. The Conclusions propose 52 mg/L for future studies in mature ruminants, not as a demonstrated in vivo effect. The paper does not establish that changes in those two bacteria mediate methane reduction; it says the exact mechanism remains unknown and suggests methane may be more influenced by archaea. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A meta-analysis showed that dietary supplementation of a blend of essential oils (coriander, eugenol, and geraniol) increased milk yield (3.6%), milk fat and protein (4.1%), and feed efficiency (4.4%), while decreasing dry matter intake (12.9%) and CH4 production (8.8%) in long-term dairy cattle trials.

“Recently, a meta-analysis showed that dietary supplementation of a blend of EO (coriander, eugenol, and geraniol) increased the milk yield (3.6%), milk fat and protein (4.1%), and feed efficiency (4.4%), while decreasing DM intake (12.9%) and CH4 production (8.8%) during long term trial in dairy cattle (258).”

• cites [258] Belanche, 2020, A meta-analysis describing the effects of the essential oils blend agolin ruminant on performance, rumen fermentation and methane emissions in dairy cows, Animals. sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Maximizing the flow of metabolic hydrogen in the rumen away from CH4 and toward VFA would increase the efficiency of ruminant production and decrease its environmental impact.

“Maximizing the flow of metabolic hydrogen in the rumen away from CH4 and toward volatile fatty acids (VFA) would increase the efficiency of ruminant production and decrease its environmental impact.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged

  “Maximizing the flow of metabolic hydrogen ([H]) in the rumen away from CH4 and toward VFA would increase the efficiency of ruminant production and decrease its environmental impact.”

May combine two claims.

Methanogenesis occurs both in the rumen and hindgut, but 90% of the total CH4 production originates from the rumen.

“Methanogenesis occurs both in the rumen and hindgut, but 90% of the total CH4 production originates from the rumen (21).”

• cites [21] Kumar, 2014, New aspects and strategies for methane mitigation from ruminants, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Production of CH4 deprives the host animal of carbon resources and results in loss of energy (13.3 Mcal/kg CH4), leading to poor feed efficiency.

“Production of CH4 also deprives the host animal of carbon resources and results in loss of energy (13.3 Mcal/kg CH4), leading to poor feed efficiency (9).”

• cites [9] Johnson, 1995, Methane emissions from cattle, J Anim Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Total VFA (75% of total amount) are the primary source of energy for the animal.

“Total VFA (75% of total amount) are the primary source of energy for the animal (2).”

• cites [2] Bergman, 1990, Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species, Physiol Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The association of VFA composition with rumen bacteria has been reported in dairy cows possessing different efficiencies of production.

“The association of VFA composition with rumen bacteria has been reported in dairy cows possessing different efficiencies of production (15).”

• cites [15] Hernandez-Sanabria, 2010, Correlation of particular bacterial PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns with bovine ruminal fermentation parameters and feed efficiency traits, Appl Environ Microbiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Plant secondary metabolites usually enhance the permeability and fluidity of the cellular membranes, further causing an efflux of metabolites and ions and ultimately leading to cell leakage and microbial death.

“Plant secondary metabolites usually enhance the permeability and fluidity of the cellular membranes, further causing an efflux of metabolites and ions and ultimately leading to cell leakage and microbial death.”

• cites [78] Patra, 2019, Modulation of gastrointestinal barrier and nutrient transport function in farm animals by natural plant bioactive compounds–a comprehensive review, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [79] Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens–a review7785 Omojate GodstimeC Enwa FelixO Jewo AugustinaO Eze ChristopherO J Pharm Chem Biol Sci.22014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Feeding high-forage diets (>40% DM) reduced milk production (0.087 L/d) and milk lactose content (0.065 g/100 g) compared to high-concentrate diets (>40% DM) in sheep, but fat content and conjugated linoleic acid concentrations were higher in the high-forage group.

“A recent meta-analysis showed that feeding high-forage diets (>40% DM) reduced milk production (0.087 L/d) and milk lactose content (0.065 g/100 g) compared to high-concentrate diets (>40% DM) in sheep. However, fat content and conjugated linoleic acid concentrations were higher in the high-forage group (119).”

• cites [119] Hernández, 2020, Effect of forage to concentrate ratio and fat supplementation on milk composition in dairy sheep: a meta-analysis, Livestock Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Feeding alfalfa silage increased the relative abundance of F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens while reducing CH4 production in the cow rumen as compared to sweet sorghum silage.

“Feeding of alfalfa silage increased the relative abundance of F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens while reducing CH4 production in the cow rumen as compared to sweet sorghum silage.”

• cites [115] Chen, 2019, Ensiling characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial communities and aerobic stability of low-dry matter silages produced with sweet sorghum and alfalfa mixtures, J Sci Food Agric. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Feeding concentrate diets lowers ruminal pH, increases VFA concentrations and osmolality, and induces metabolic disorders.

“Feeding concentrate diets have shown to lower the ruminal pH, increase VFA concentrations and osmolality, and induce metabolic disorders (105).”

• cites [105] DeVries, 2014, Impact of severity of ruminal acidosis on feed-sorting behaviour of beef cattle, Anim Prod Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Plant oils can mitigate CH4 by directly inhibiting rumen protozoa and methanogens and increasing the biohydrogenation of PUFA to act as a sink for hydrogen produced by rumen microbes.

“Plant oils can mitigate CH4 by directly inhibiting rumen protozoa and methanogens and increasing the biohydrogenation of PUFA to act as a sink for hydrogen produced by rumen microbes (136).”

• cites [136] Wang, 2017, Effect of unconventional oilseeds (safflower, poppy, hemp, camelina) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation, J Sci Food Agric. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Enhanced expression of some methanogenic genes may lead to enhanced methanogenesis that ultimately compensates for a decrease in the overall number of methanogens.

“This is mainly because the enhanced expression of some methanogenic genes may lead to enhanced methanogenesis that ultimately compensated a decrease in the overall number of methanogens (156).”

• cites [156] Henderson, 2018, Enzyme-and gene-based approaches for developing methanogen-specific compounds to control ruminant methane emissions: a review, Anim Prod Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Tannins can limit the degree of microbial hydrolysis along with direct inhibition of methanogens.

“They can limit the degree of microbial hydrolysis along with direct inhibition of methanogens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Impacts of tea saponins under in vitro conditions must be confirmed in vivo to develop effective CH4-mitigating strategies.

“This suggests that the impacts of tea saponins under in vitro conditions must be confirmed in vivo to develop effective CH4-mitigating strategies.”

May combine two claims.

Supplementation of tannic acid reduces crude protein digestibility and CH4 production in beef cattle.

“Supplementation of tannic acid has shown to reduce the CP digestibility and CH4 production in beef cattle (198).”

• cites [198] Yang, 2017, Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid in the ration of beef cattle on rumen fermentation, methane emission, microbial flora and nutrient digestibility, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A combination of garlic oil, nitrate, and saponins can additively lower CH4 emission with similar rumen fermentation and degradability.

“Studies have shown that a combination of garlic oil, nitrate, and saponins can additively lower CH4 emission with similar rumen fermentation and degradability (163).”

• cites [163] Patra, 2015, Effects of garlic oil, nitrate, saponin and their combinations supplemented to different substrates on in vitro fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis, and abundance and diversity of microbial populations, J Appl Microbiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Saponins mediate rumen fermentation mainly by decreasing protein degradation and concentrations of urea and NH3 in the rumen, leading to an increased flow of amino acids to the small intestine.

“Saponins mediate rumen fermentation mainly by decreasing protein degradation and concentrations of urea and NH3 in the rumen, leading to an increased flow of amino acids to the small intestine.”

May combine two claims.

Extracts of S. sesban decrease protozoal and methanogen populations but do not decrease CH4 production.

“Extracts of S. sesban have shown to decrease protozoal and methanogen populations but surprisingly did not decrease CH4 production (155).”

• cites [155] Goel, 2008, Effects of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and their extracts on partitioning of nutrients from roughage-and concentrate-based feeds to methane, Anim Feed Sci Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Condensed tannins improve protein efficiency and growth rate of lambs by protecting dietary proteins from ruminal degradation, leading to reduction in digestive losses.

“Condensed tannins have shown better protein efficiency and growth rate of lambs as it can protect dietary proteins (e.g., soybean meal) from ruminal degradation, leading to reduction in digestive losses (204).”

• cites [204] Dentinho, 2020, Effect of soybean meal treatment with Cistus ladanifer condensed tannins in growth performance, carcass and meat quality of lambs, Livestock Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Supplementation of quebracho tannins at 30 g/kg DM reduces myristic acid content in dairy cows, revealing negative effects of tannin on fiber digestibility.

“In this regard, it has been reported that supplementation of quebracho tannins (30 g/kg DM) could reduce myristic acid content in dairy cows, which reveals the negative effects of tannin on fiber digestibility (214).”

• cites [214] Henke, 2017, Effect of dietary Quebracho tannin extract on feed intake, digestibility, excretion of urinary purine derivatives and milk production in dairy cows, Archiv Anim Nutr. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hydrolyzable tannins are considered the most potent antioxidants, preventing cellular damage and neutralizing free radicals, while condensed tannins (catechin) also possess antioxidant activities.

“Hydrolyzable tannins are considered the most potent antioxidants, which can prevent cellular damage and neutralize free radicals (222), while condensed tannins (catechin) also possess antioxidant activities (223).”

• cites [222] Chambi, 2013, Antioxidant potential of hydrolyzed polyphenolic extracts from tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) pods, Indus Crops Product. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [223] Anggraini, 2011, Antioxidative activity and catechin content of four kinds of Uncaria gambir extracts from West Sumatra, Indonesia, African J Biochem Res. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Long-chain fatty acids (pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic acid) have a negative correlation with CH4 emission because their de novo synthesis is mediated from ruminal propionate.

“However, long-chain FA (pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic acid) exhibited a negative correlation with CH4 emission as their de novo synthesis is mediated from ruminal propionate (215).”

• cites [215] French, 2012, Rumen and milk odd-and branched-chain fatty acid proportions are minimally influenced by ruminal volatile fatty acid infusions, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Medium-chain fatty acids (lauric and myristic acids) have a positive correlation with enteric CH4 production because they are synthesized de novo in the mammary gland from ruminal acetate and butyrate.

“The medium-chain FA (lauric and myristic acids) have shown a positive correlation with enteric CH4 production as these FA are synthesized (de novo synthesis) in the mammary gland from ruminal acetate and butyrate (213).”

• cites [213] Bernard, 2008, Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Gallic acid can inhibit undesirable microorganisms such as Clostridium, Listeria, and Escherichia coli during ensiling and can improve fermentation quality and protein preservation.

“A recent study showed that gallic acid can inhibit undesirable microorganisms such as Clostridium, Listeria, and Escherichia coli during ensiling and can improve fermentation quality and protein preservation (203).”

• cites [203] He, 2020, Gallic acid influencing fermentation quality, nitrogen distribution and bacterial community of high-moisture mulberry leaves and stylo silage, Bioresource Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Supplementation of tannin improves the antioxidant status of cattle and sheep.

“Supplementation of tannin has been shown to improve the antioxidant status of cattle and sheep (219–221).”

• cites [219] Barreira, 2008, Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower, leaf, skins and fruit, Food Chem. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [220] Huang, 2015, Effects of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and faecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in lambs, Anim Feed Sci Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [221] Peng, 2016, Effect of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) hay and its condensed tannins on growth performance, wool growth, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation in lambs fed total mixed rations, Anim Feed Sci Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Supplementation of tannin in lactating dairy cows reduces ruminal ammonia N by 16%, milk urea by 9%, and urinary N excretion by 11%.

“A meta-analysis showed reduction in ruminal ammonia N (16%), milk urea (9%), and urinary N excretion (11%) in response to supplementation of tannin in lactating dairy cows.”

• cites [211] Herremans, 2020, Effect of dietary tannins on milk yield and composition, nitrogen partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Tannic acid at 0-1.25 mg/mL can alter microbial activities and improve feed efficiency in ruminants.

“Tannic acid (0–1.25 mg/mL) can alter microbial activities and improve feed efficiency in ruminants.”

• cites [206] Cipriano-Salazar, 2018, Antibacterial activities of tannic acid against isolated ruminal bacteria from sheep, Microb Pathogenesis. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Extracts of hydrolyzable tannin (tara) and condensed tannin (mimosa and gambier) inhibit the activity of methanogens and protozoa without affecting ruminal fermentation and animal production.

“Extracts of HT (tara) and CT (mimosa and gambier) inhibited the activity of methanogens and protozoa without affecting ruminal fermentation and animal production (185).”

• cites [185] Salami, 2018, Characterisation of the ruminal fermentation and microbiome in lambs supplemented with hydrolysable and condensed tannins, FEMS Microbiol Ecol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Many in vitro and in vivo trials have proved a favorable effect of essential oils in reducing CH4 production and altering microbial populations.

“Many in vitro and in vivo trials have proved the favorable effect of EO in reducing CH4 production and altering microbial populations (Tables 5, 6).”

• cites Tables 5, 6Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Higher microbial protein might be attributed to enhanced post-ruminal protein supply and absorption.

“Higher microbial protein might be attributed to the enhanced post-ruminal protein supply and absorption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Higher microbial protein might possibly be due to reduction of protozoal counts, as ruminal protozoa devour bacteria and their protein flows toward the small intestine.

“Moreover, it might possibly due to the reduction of protozoal counts as ruminal protozoa devour many bacteria and their protein flow toward the small intestine (237).”

• cites [237] Soltan, 2018, Progressive adaptation of sheep to a microencapsulated blend of essential oils: ruminal fermentation, methane emission, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis, Anim Feed SciTechnol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The harmful effects of essential oils on VFA synthesis might be due to their extensive and non-specific antimicrobial properties in the rumen.

“These harmful effects might be due to their extensive and non-specific antimicrobial properties in the rumen.”

May combine two claims.

Supplementing a blend of essential oils (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and capsicum oleoresin) first increased rumen acetate concentration, which was later replaced by propionate concentration.

“Supplementing a blend of EO (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and capsicum oleoresin) firstly increased rumen acetate concentration, which was replaced by propionate concentration afterward.”

• cites [237] Soltan, 2018, Progressive adaptation of sheep to a microencapsulated blend of essential oils: ruminal fermentation, methane emission, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis, Anim Feed SciTechnol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Extensive literature supports supplementation of phytogenic feed additives like saponin, tannins, and essential oils for manipulating the rumen microbiome to increase VFA and decrease NH3 and CH4 production.

“Extensive literature supports the supplementation of phytogenic feed additives like saponin, tannins, and EO for the manipulation of rumen microbiome to modulate ruminal fermentation to increase VFA and decrease NH3 and CH4 production.”

May combine two claims.

Essential oils of Lippia turbinata and Tagetes minuta caused a 10-fold decrease of in vitro CH4 production coupled with modification of nitrogen metabolism in the rumen.

“Essential oils of Lippia turbinata and Tagetes minuta have shown a 10-fold decrease of in vitro CH4 production coupled with modification of N metabolism in the rumen (249).”

• cites [249] Garcia, 2019, Essential oils from Lippia turbinata and Tagetes minuta persistently reduce in vitro ruminal methane production in a continuous-culture system, Anim Prod Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The benefits of using a combination of essential oils include utility for large-scale use in the animal industry as a commercial feed additive to improve global animal production while mitigating GHG emissions.

“Moreover, the benefits of such a combination are its ultimate utility for using on large scale in the animal industry as a commercial feed additive to have an overall impact on the improvement of global animal production while mitigating GHG emissions.”

May combine two claims.

Studies summarized demonstrate that phytochemicals possess a potent ability to modulate the rumen microbiome and reduce methanogenesis in vitro, but observed in vivo effects varied greatly.

“Studies summarized above clearly demonstrate that although phytochemicals possess a potent ability to modulate rumen microbiome and reduce methanogenesis in vitro, the observed in vivo effects varied greatly.”

May combine two claims.

Nanoparticles are formulated with hydrophobic groups inside and polar groups on the surface and have shown to significantly enhance the solubility and bioavailability of less-water-soluble phenolic phytochemicals.

“Nanoparticles are formulated with hydrophobic groups inside and polar groups on the surface of particles and have shown to significantly enhance the solubility and bioavailability of less-water-soluble phenolic phytochemicals (264).”

• cites [264] Li, 2014, Fabrication of self-assembled ()-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) ovalbuminedextran conjugate nanoparticles and their transport across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, J Agri Food Chem. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Using a combination of phytochemicals is advantageous for the host by providing various phytonutrients from different plant combinations.

“Additionally, using a combination of phytochemicals is also advantageous for the host regarding the provision of various phytonutrients from different plant combinations.”