Quantification of Gastrointestinal Liquid Volumes and Distribution Following a 240 mL Dose of Water in the Fasted State
Open accessAbstract
The rate and extent of drug dissolution and absorption from solid oral dosage forms is highly dependent upon the volumes and distribution of gastric and small intestinal water. However, little is known about the time courses and distribution of water volumes in vivo in an undisturbed gut. Previous imaging studies offered a snapshot of water distribution in fasted humans and showed that water in the small intestine is distributed in small pockets. This study aimed to quantify the volume and number of water pockets in the upper gut of fasted healthy humans following ingestion of a glass of water (240 mL, as recommended for bioavailability/bioequivalence (BA/BE) studies), using recently validated noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. Twelve healthy volunteers underwent upper and lower abdominal MRI scans before drinking 240 mL (8 fluid ounces) of water. After ingesting the water, they were scanned at intervals for 2 h. The drink volume, inclusion criteria, and fasting conditions matched the international standards for BA/BE testing in healthy volunteers. The images were processed for gastric and intestinal total water volumes and for the number and volume of separate intestinal water pockets larger than 0.5 mL. The fasted stomach contained 35 ± 7 mL (mean ± SEM) of resting water. Upon drinking, the gastric fluid rose to 242 ± 9 mL. The gastric water volume declined rapidly after that with a half emptying time (T50%) of 13 ± 1 min. The mean gastric volume returned back to baseline 45 min after the drink. The fasted small bowel contained a total volume of 43 ± 14 mL of resting water. Twelve minutes after ingestion of water, small bowel water content rose to a maximum value of 94 ± 24 mL contained within 15 ± 2 pockets of 6 ± 2 mL each. At 45 min, when the glass of water had emptied completely from the stomach, total intestinal water volume was 77 ± 15 mL distributed into 16 ± 3 pockets of 5 ± 1 mL each. MRI provided unprecedented insights into the time course, number, volume, and location of water pockets in the stomach and small intestine under conditions that represent standard BA/BE studies using validated techniques. These data add to our current understanding of gastrointestinal physiology and will help improve physiological relevance of in vitro testing methods and in silico transport analyses for prediction of bioperformance of oral solid dosage forms, particularly for low solubility Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class 2 and Class 4 compounds.
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There is considerable uncertainty and ongoing debate over the relevant parameterisation of intestinal water volumes and the parameterisation of the colonic model compartments is uncertain.
“there is considerable uncertainty and ongoing debate over the relevant parameterisation of intestinal water volumes [71-73] and the parameterisation of the colonic model compartments is uncertain [74].”
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- Authors
- Mudie, D. M., Murray, K., Hoad, C. L., Pritchard, S. E., Garnett, M. C., Amidon, G. L., Gowland, P. A., Spiller, R. C., Amidon, G. E., & Marciani, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Nottingham University Hospitals, University of Nottingham , , ,
- Corresponding author
- Marciani, Luca
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-08-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3039-3047
- ISSN
- 1543-8384 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-8392
- OpenAlex
- W2313724273
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 14
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre (NA)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › NMR spectroscopy and applications
- Keywords
- gastric emptying, fasting state, oral drug absorption, bioavailability, bioequivalence, BCS class IV drugs, in vitro dissolution testing, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biological Availability, Eating, Fasting, Female, Gastric Emptying, Gastric Mucosa, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Intestine, Small, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Solubility, Stomach, Tissue Distribution, Water, Young Adult
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