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Negligible Particle-Specific Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
Abstract
For nearly a decade, researchers have debated the mechanisms by which AgNPs exert toxicity to bacteria and other organisms. The most elusive question has been whether the AgNPs exert direct "particle-specific" effects beyond the known antimicrobial activity of released silver ions (Ag(+)). Here, we infer that Ag(+) is the definitive molecular toxicant. We rule out direct particle-specific biological effects by showing the lack of toxicity of AgNPs when synthesized and tested under strictly anaerobic conditions that preclude Ag(0) oxidation and Ag(+) release. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the toxicity of various AgNPs (PEG- or PVP- coated, of three different sizes each) accurately follows the dose-response pattern of E. coli exposed to Ag(+) (added as AgNO(3)). Surprisingly, E. coli survival was stimulated by relatively low (sublethal) concentration of all tested AgNPs and AgNO(3) (at 3-8 μg/L Ag(+), or 12-31% of the minimum lethal concentration (MLC)), suggesting a hormetic response that would be counterproductive to antimicrobial applications. Overall, this work suggests that AgNP morphological properties known to affect antimicrobial activity are indirect effectors that primarily influence Ag(+) release. Accordingly, antibacterial activity could be controlled (and environmental impacts could be mitigated) by modulating Ag(+) release, possibly through manipulation of oxygen availability, particle size, shape, and/or type of coating.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xiu, Z.-M., Zhang, Q.-B., Puppala, H. L., Colvin, V. L., & Alvarez, P. J. J.
- Venue
- Nano Letters
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-07-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4271-4275
- ISSN
- 1530-6984 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6992
- OpenAlex
- W1981224435
- Cited by
- 2,108
- References
- 40
- FWCI
- 68.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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