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Concentration by Evaporation and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Cytosine
Abstract
The efficient prebiotic synthesis of cytosine from urea and cyanoacetaldehyde (CA) has recently been claimed to be invalid on the basis of possible side reactions of the starting materials and the inapplicability of prebiotic syntheses using drying beach conditions. We therefore have investigated the synthesis of cytosine and uracil from urea and cyanoacetaldehyde at 100 degrees C under dry-down conditions, and in solution at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C. We find that cytosine is produced from the low temperature experiments more efficiently than calculated from the Arrhenius extrapolation from higher temperatures, i.e., 60-120 degrees C. In addition, we find that CA dimer is as efficient as the monomer in cytosine synthesis. We also studied whether evaporating very dilute solutions of nonvolatile organic compounds will concentrate according to theory. Solutions as dilute as 10(-4) M concentrate from pure water approximately according to theory. Similar solutions in 0.5 M NaCl have less than theoretical concentrations due to absorption, but concentrations near dryness were very high.
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Thermal or evaporation cycles in early Earth conditions may have promoted alternating phases for templated replication and de-annealing in a replication cycle.
“thermal or evaporation cycles in early Earth conditions, resulting from a variety of proposed sources [110–113], may have promoted alternating phases for templated replication and de-annealing in a replication cycle.”
From The RNA world as a model system to study the origin of life (2015) · cites this paper as [113]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nelson, K. E., Robertson, M. P., Levy, M., & Miller, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Levy, Matthew
- Venue
- Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 221-229
- ISSN
- 0169-6149 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0875
- OpenAlex
- W1597654686
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- prebiotic synthesis, cytosine, uracil, urea, evaporative concentration, low-temperature synthesis, Arrhenius extrapolation, solution evaporation, non-volatile organic compounds
- MeSH terms
- Acetaldehyde, Cytosine, Hot Temperature, Models, Chemical, Solutions, Urea, Dimerization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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