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Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures: Incidence, sources, effects, detection, elimination, prevention
Open accessAbstract
The contamination of cell cultures by mycoplasmas remains a major problem in cell culture. Mycoplasmas can produce a virtually unlimited variety of effects in the cultures they infect. These organisms are resistant to most antibiotics commonly employed in cell cultures. Here we provide a concise overview of the current knowledge on: (1) the incidence and sources of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures, the mycoplasma species most commonly detected in cell cultures, and the effects of mycoplasmas on the function and activities of infected cell cultures; (2) the various techniques available for the detection of mycoplasmas with particular emphasis on the most reliable detection methods; (3) the various methods available for the elimination of mycoplasmas highlighting antibiotic treatment; and (4) the recommended procedures and working protocols for the detection, elimination and prevention of mycoplasma contamination. The availability of accurate, sensitive and reliable detection methods and the application of robust and successful elimination methods provide powerful means for overcoming the problem of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures.
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Contamination of cultured cell lines with mycoplasmas varies from 10-15% to 45-90%.
“According to data obtained by various scientific groups, contamination of cultured cell lines with mycoplasmas varies from 10-15% to 45-90% [5,6,17,18].”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The 'Incidence of mycoplasma contamination' section reports approximately 15% in large series and rates as high as 65–80% in smaller studies. This supports substantial variation, but it does not substantiate the cited sentence’s 10% lower bound or 90% upper bound. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMycoplasmas can remain latent for a long time, causing serious pathological changes in the structure and function of cells.
“Mycoplasmas can remain latent for a long time, causing serious pathological changes in the structure and function of cells [6].”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The ‘Effects of mycoplasma contamination’ section and Table 5 describe potentially severe effects on cultured cells, including changes in morphology, metabolism, chromosomes, and growth. The paper also refers to chronic infections and notes that some species cause little overt cytopathology, but it does not establish that mycoplasmas remain latent for a long time. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDue to their microscopic size and ability to exist in a latent state, mycoplasmas can remain undetected for a long time, causing chronic contamination of cell populations.
“Due to their microscopic size and ability to exist in a latent state, mycoplasmas can remain undetected for a long time, causing chronic contamination of cell populations [6,13].”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Biology of mycoplasmas section describes their small size, and the Effects and Various elimination methods sections describe infections with little overt cytopathology and chronic infections in cell cultures. The paper does not describe mycoplasmas as entering a latent state or establish that latency, together with size, causes contamination to remain undetected for a long time. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMycoplasma-induced changes can lead to serious distortions of research results and significant damage to production of biotechnological drugs.
“This can lead to serious distortions of research results and cause significant damage to the production of biotechnological drugs.”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Effects of mycoplasma contamination section says infections can interfere with experimental measurements and produce artefacts, supporting the claim about distorted research results. Table 5 also lists reduced monoclonal-antibody yield, but the paper does not establish significant damage to the production of biotechnological drugs generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpecific biological characteristics, wide prevalence, high reproduction rate, and ability to use nutrient medium components allow mycoplasmas to penetrate cells, spread in laboratory conditions, and avoid detection by standard control methods.
“Specific biological characteristics of mycoplasmas, their wide prevalence in combination with a high reproduction rate and ability to effectively use components of the nutrient medium, allow them to easily penetrate cells, quickly and imperceptibly spread in laboratory conditions, avoiding detection by standard control methods used for other bacteria [6].”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Biology of mycoplasmas section (page unavailable) supports the small size and flexibility that let mycoplasmas pass through common antibacterial filters, and reports that certain species enter cells. The Incidence and Sources sections describe substantial contamination and spread between laboratory cultures. But the paper says mycoplasmas grow very slowly compared with other bacteria; it does not attribute their spread or evasion of standard detection methods to a high reproduction rate or efficient use of nutrient-medium components. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The most common examples of such infections are environmental bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma, the latter arising most frequently from new cell lines introduced to the laboratory.
“The most common examples of such infections are environmental bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma, the latter arising most frequently from new cell lines introduced to the laboratory (Drexler and Uphoff, 2002).”
From Guidance document on Good cell and tissue culture practice 2.0 (GCCP 2.0) (2021) · cites this paper as Drexler and Uphoff, 2002
The Introduction identifies microorganisms, particularly mycoplasma, as a common cell-line contamination problem. The Sources of mycoplasma contamination section calls infected cell lines the single most important source of further spread, but does not say that newly introduced lines are the most frequent origin. The passages do not establish environmental bacteria and fungi as the other most common infections. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMycoplasmas can change cell metabolism, morphology, and functional properties.
“Mycoplasmas are capable of changing cell metabolism, affecting their morphology and functional properties.”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Effective prevention against mycoplasma contamination is a multi-level structure of measures, each element playing a significant role in the overall safety system.
“Effective prevention is a multi-level structure of measures, where each element plays a significant role in the overall safety system [6,69].”
From Mycoplasma Contamination of Primary Cell Cultures (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Drexler, H. G., & Uphoff, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Drexler, Hans G.
- Venue
- Cytotechnology
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 75-90
- ISSN
- 0920-9069 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0778
- PMC
- PMC3463982
- OpenAlex
- W1687604884
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cytotechnology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Keywords
- mycoplasma contamination, cell culture contamination, mycoplasma detection, mycoplasma elimination, antibiotic resistance, contamination prevention
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