The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dream recall frequency, attitude towards dreams and openness to experience.
Abstract
The question whether personality dimensions explain the interindividual differences in dream recall frequency has often been investigated by dream researchers. The present findings confirm previous research which has shown that traits such as openness-to-experience and thin boundaries correlate substantially with dream recall frequency. However, correlation coefficients are small and are much larger if attitude towards dreams or a scale measuring different aspects of dream recall are considered. Thus, future studies should consider the differentiation between items measuring dream recall and related aspects and items measuring attitudes towards dreams. Schonbar's life-style hypothesis should be revised slightly: not dream recall frequency but attitude towards dreams and the way to deal with dreams are part of a broader life style.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
DRF is significantly correlated with personality traits such as openness to experience and thin boundary structure.
“Several subsequent studies have supported this hypothesis by showing significant correlations between DRF and creativity,16–18 and between DRF and personality traits such as openness to experience and thin boundary structure18–21, with the strength of these correlations ranging from r=0.10 to r=0.40 depending on the study.”
From High Dream Recall Frequency is Associated with Increased Creativity and Default Mode Network Connectivity (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
The strength of correlations between DRF and creativity/personality ranges from r=0.10 to r=0.40 depending on the study.
“Several subsequent studies have supported this hypothesis by showing significant correlations between DRF and creativity,16–18 and between DRF and personality traits such as openness to experience and thin boundary structure18–21, with the strength of these correlations ranging from r=0.10 to r=0.40 depending on the study.”
From High Dream Recall Frequency is Associated with Increased Creativity and Default Mode Network Connectivity (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
When present, the association between DRF and personality traits is often very weak (r≈0.1-0.2).
“when present, is often very weak (r≈0.1–0.2).21”
From High Dream Recall Frequency is Associated with Increased Creativity and Default Mode Network Connectivity (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
Studies have often reported a correlation between DRF and several personality traits, including openness to experience, thin boundaries, and anxiety.
“between DRF and several personality traits, including openness to experience,21 thin boundaries (ie, propensity to being more open, trustworthy, vulnerable, and sensitive;19,20 and anxiety).53,54”
From High Dream Recall Frequency is Associated with Increased Creativity and Default Mode Network Connectivity (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
Citations
Cites
Regularly Occurring Periods of Eye Motility, and Concomitant Phenomena, During Sleep
Aserinsky, E., & Kleitman, N. (1953) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.118.3062.273 · Cited by 2,488
Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G. (1974) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036681 · Cited by 2,196
Openness to Experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V
McCrae, R. R. (1994) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410080404 · Cited by 373
Questionnaires and diaries as research instruments in dream research: Methodological issues.
Schredl, M. (2002) · Dreaming · doi:10.1023/a:1013890421674 · Cited by 161
Self-citation(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 84
Hill, C. E., Diemer, R. A., & Heaton, K. J. (1997) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.1.53 · Cited by 71
A comparison of different instruments proposed to measure the Big Five.
Ostendorf, F., & Angleitner, A. (1994) · PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) · Cited by 70
Differential dream recall frequency as a component of "life style".
Schonbar, R. A. (1965) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022464 · Cited by 67
Dream Recall: State or Trait Variable? Part I: Model, Theories, Methodology and Trait Factors
Schredl, M., & Montasser, A. (1996) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/rcag-ny96-3d99-ka0g · Cited by 67
Self-citationDream recall, attitude toward dreams, and personality
Schredl, M., Nürnberg, C., & Weiler, S. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00216-2 · Cited by 61
Self-citationDream content and personality: Thick vs. Thin boundaries.
Schredl, M., Schäfer, G., Hofmann, F., & Jacob, S. (1999) · Dreaming · doi:10.1023/a:1021336103535 · Cited by 60
Self-citationFujisawa, K. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 59
Personality and dream recall frequency: Further negative findings.
Blagrove, M., & Akehurst, L. (2000) · Dreaming · doi:10.1023/a:1009482223115 · Cited by 56
Frequency of dream recall estimated by three methods and related to defense preference and anxiety.
Cohen, D. B. (1969) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028438 · Cited by 51
Dream recall, visual memory, and absorption in imaginings
Schredl, M., Jochum, S., & Souguenet, S. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00192-4 · Cited by 39
Self-citationSchredl, M. (2002) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1046/j.1439-054x.2002.02001.x · Cited by 37
Self-citationDream Recall and Attitude toward Dreams
Cernovsky, Z. Z. (1984) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1984.58.3.911 · Cited by 35
Absorption in Imaginings, Sex-Role Orientation, and the Recall of Dreams by Males and Females
Spaños, N. P., Stam, H. J., Radtke, H. L., & Nightingale, M. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4403_10 · Cited by 33
Effect of encouragement on dream recall.
Halliday, G. W. (1992) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/h0094346 · Cited by 29
Interest in Dreams and Dream Recall
Robbins, P. R., & Tanck, R. H. (1988) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1988.66.1.291 · Cited by 28
Dream recall frequency and openness to experience: a negative finding
Schredl, M. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00013-2 · Cited by 28
Self-citationAttitudes Towards Dreams, Sex Differences and Creativity*
Domino, G. (1982) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1982.tb00327.x · Cited by 27
Reed, H. (1973) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/002216787301300305 · Cited by 27
Help-seeking attitudes and severity of psychological distress
Calhoun, L. G., & Selby, J. W. (1974) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197407)30:3 · Cited by 23
Klopfer, W. G. (1980) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4403_1 · Cited by 7
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Factors of home dream recall: a structural equation model
Schredl, M., Wittmann, L., Ciric, P., & GÖtz, S. (2003) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00344.x · Cited by 145
Self-citationReal-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep
Konkoly, K. R., Appel, K., Chabani, E., Mangiaruga, A., Gott, J., Mallett, R., Caughran, B., Witkowski, S., Whitmore, N. W., Mazurek, C. Y., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026 · Cited by 131
BEAULIEU‐PRÉVOST, D., & ZADRA, A. (2007) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00572.x · Cited by 59
Trait And Neurobiological Correlates Of Individual Differences In Dream Recall And Dream Content
Blagrove, M., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92008-4 · Cited by 50
Dream recall frequency and attitude towards dreams: a reinterpretation of the relation
Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., & Zadra, A. L. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.017 · Cited by 46
Dreams are more negative than real life: Implications for the function of dreaming
Valli, K., Strandholm, T., Sillanmäki, L. H., & Revonsuo, A. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701541591 · Cited by 46
van Wyk, M., Solms, M., & Lipinska, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00370 · Cited by 35
Dreaming and insomnia: Polysomnographic correlates of reported dream recall frequency.
Pagel, J. F., & Shocknesse, S. (2007) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/1053-0797.17.3.140 · Cited by 34
Dreaming during anaesthesia in adult patients
Leslie, K., & Skrzypek, H. (2007) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2007.05.003 · Cited by 32
Ancient Divination and Experience
Driediger-Murphy, L. G., & Eidinow, E. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198844549.001.0001 · Cited by 31
Dream Intensity Inventory and Chinese people's dream experience frequencies.
Yu, C. K.-C. (2008) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.94 · Cited by 31
Explaining the gender difference in dream recall frequency.
Schredl, M. (2010) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0019392 · Cited by 31
Self-citationFrequency of dream sharing: The effects of gender and personality
Schredl, M., & SCHAWINSKI, J. A. (2010) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.1.0093 · Cited by 31
Self-citationSleep and dream habits in a sample of French college students who report no sleep disorders
Vallat, R., Eskinazi, M., Nicolas, A., & Ruby, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12659 · Cited by 27
Vallat, R., Türker, B., Nicolas, A., & Ruby, P. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s342137 · Cited by 23
“2).(21) Therefore, our study may have been underpowered to detect such subtle personality differences between HR and LR.”
The route to recall a dream: theoretical considerations and methodological implications
Nemeth, G. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01722-7 · Cited by 23
Grant, P. C., Levy, K., Lattimer, T. A., Depner, R. M., & Kerr, C. W. (2020) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909120952318 · Cited by 21
Testing the factorial structure of the Dream Intensity Scale.
Yu, C. K.-C. (2011) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0026475 · Cited by 20
Dream relevance and the continuity hypothesis: Believe it or not?
King, D. B., & DeCicco, T. L. (2009) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0017612 · Cited by 20
Learning Lucid Dreaming and its Effect on Depression in Undergraduates
Taitz, I. Y. (2011) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2011.2.9123 · Cited by 19
Putois, B., Leslie, W., Asfeld, C., Sierro, C., Higgins, S., & Ruby, P. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00724 · Cited by 18
Making sense of dream experiences: A multidimensional approach to beliefs about dreams.
Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., Simard, C. C., & Zadra, A. L. (2009) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0017279 · Cited by 18
Stress‐related biomarkers of dream recall and implicit memory under anaesthesia
Aceto, P., Lai, C., Perilli, V., Russo, C. D., Federico, B., Navarra, P., Proietti, R., & Sollazzi, L. (2013) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.12386 · Cited by 16
Interest in dream interpretation: A gender difference.
Schredl, M., & Piel, E. (2008) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.11 · Cited by 16
Self-citationBowden, H. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198844549.003.0003 · Cited by 10
Confirming the factor structure of the dream intensity inventory.
Yu, C. K.-C. (2009) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0016296 · Cited by 10
Leslie, K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511676291.005 · Cited by 10
Factors influencing the frequency of erotic dreams: an online study
Schredl, M., Geißler, C., & Göritz, A. S. (2019) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2019.1638297 · Cited by 9
Self-citationRadek, L., Koskinen, L., Sandman, N., Laaksonen, L., Kallionpää, R., Scheinin, A., Rajala, V., Maksimow, A. T., Laitio, T. T., Revonsuo, A., et al. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103239 · Cited by 9
Dream Recall and the Dissociation between Dream Cessation and Neurological Memory Disorders
Yu, C. K.-C. (2007) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2007.10773558 · Cited by 9
Facilitating dream recall in Chinese people.
Yu, C. K.-C. (2006) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.186 · Cited by 8
Different factors affect different aspects of dream recall.
Schredl, M. (2009) · Imagination, Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.28.4.e · Cited by 7
Self-citationReading Dream Literature: Frequency, Influencing Factors, and Self-Rated Benefit
Schredl, M. (2011) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.124.2.0227 · Cited by 7
Self-citationLes variations dans le rappel onirique : synthèse et intégration des connaissances
Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., & Zadra, A. L. (2006) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2006.01.014 · Cited by 6
The Psychological Boundaries Delineating Truth and Falsehood
Kunzendorf, R. G., Deignan, M., Galva, M., Latorre, K., & Masotta, E. (2006) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/3nx7-c3f1-k7h9-xh51 · Cited by 6
Gender, sex role orientation, and dreaming.
Schredl, M., Kim, E., Labudek, S. E., Schädler, A., & Göritz, A. S. (2013) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0034915 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe phenomenology of dream–reality confusion: A quantitative study.
Skrzypińska, D., Hołda, M., Szmigielska, B., & Słodka, M. (2018) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/drm0000078 · Cited by 5
Funkhouser, A. T., & Schredl, M. (2010) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2010.1.473 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLoukola, V., Tuominen, J., Kirsilä, S., Kyyhkynen, A., Lahdenperä, M., Parkkali, L., Ranta, E., Malinen, E., Vanhanen, S., Välimaa, K., et al. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103651 · Cited by 4
Suzuki, C., & Matsuda, E. (2012) · Stress Science Research · doi:10.5058/stresskagakukenkyu.27.71 · Cited by 4
Creative problem-solving after experimentally provoking dreams of unsolved puzzles during REM sleep
Konkoly, K. R., Morris, D., Hurka, K. L., Martinez, A. M., Sanders, K. E. G., & Paller, K. A. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf067 · Cited by 3
Lucid dreaming increased during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey
Kelly, P., Macêdo, T., Felipe, T. R., Maia, M. D. F. M., Suely, A., Herminia, G., Jatahy, M., Gomes, L., Barroso, L., Lima, T. Z., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273281 · Cited by 3
Schredl, M., Burau, N. P., Kunkel, R., & Lanzl, J. (2019) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236619889553 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNightmares in the bedroom of science: mapping of a neglected sleep disorder
Simor, P. (2013) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2013.29573 · Cited by 2
High dream recall frequency: A sign of good quality of life?
Németh, G., & Bányai, E. I. (2011) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/mental.12.2011.3.2 · Cited by 2
Measuring attitude toward lucid dreams: A six-item scale.
Schredl, M., Rieger, J., & Göritz, A. S. (2019) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/drm0000094 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAttitudes Towards Dreams: and the Relation of these with Relationship Intimacy and Sleep Quality
Olsen, M. R. (2012) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 2
Lee, Y.-H. (2011) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2011.30.2.004 · Cited by 1
College students’ erotic dreams: Analysis of content and emotional tone
Geißler, C., & Schredl, M. (2019) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2019.08.003 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRobert, G. (2013) · doi:10.71781/18451 · Cited by 1
Content and frequency of dream reports : psychological and neurophysiological correlates
Vallat, R. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7c390b38z9260z414bzbabdz2b316eacbb17 · Cited by 1
Németh, G. (2018) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2017.185
Dreams of the Deceased: Who Has Them and Why?
Black, J. E. (2019) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Das Multidimensionale Düsseldorfer Trauminventar (MDTI)
Pietrowsky, R., Schmitz, A., Zink, N., & Gieselmann, A. (2022) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000300
Williams, J. M. (2025) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.69112
Koninck, J. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.5
Felt (dis)continuity of the self in dreams and its relation with the body and affectivityPreprint
Trakas, M., & Daley, R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5867566
Openness to the Unconscious: Clinical Validity
Swan, S. A. (2012)
Unien elävä perintö : etnologinen tutkimus unikäsityksistä ja unien kertomistilanteista
Heikkilä, S. (2021) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Rolín, M. G., & García Campayo, J. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Salomo, S. (2024) · Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund) · doi:10.22032/dbt.67560
Maffeo, M. L. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009322348.005
Trakas, M., & Daley, R. T. (2026) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2026.104096
Zhao, P. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7286639
The Effects of Suggestion on Dream Recall Frequency
Obery, J. (2012) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)
Dreams and adjustment following marital separation : implications for the function of dreaming
Sacre, S. (2006) · Faculty of Health
Metadata
- Authors
- Schredl, M., Ciric, P., Götz, S., & Wittmann, L.
- Affiliations
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Venue
- Dreaming
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 145-153
- ISSN
- 1053-0797 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3351
- OpenAlex
- W2082726289
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Dreaming (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- dream recall frequency, openness to experience, personality traits, individual differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review