The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 108 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Naming Speed Performance and Stimulant Effects Indicate Effortful, Semantic Processing Deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
This study investigated rapid automatized naming and effects of stimulant medication in school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without concurrent reading disorder (RD). Two ADHD groups (67 ADHD only; 21 ADHD + RD) and a control group of 27 healthy age-matched peers were compared on four variables: color naming speed, letter naming speed, phonologic decoding, and arithmetic computation. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was conducted to predict group membership. The four variables loaded onto two discriminant functions with good specificity: phonologic decoding, letter naming speed, and arithmetic defined the first function; color naming speed defined the second function. Both ADHD groups were significantly slower in color naming than controls, but did not differ from one another. DFA correctly classified 96% of the control group, 91% of ADHD + RD, and 82% of ADHD only. A subset of children in the ADHD groups participated subsequently in an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with three single doses (10, 25, 20 mg) of methylphenidate. Methylphenidate selectively improved color-naming speed but had no effect on the speed of naming letters or digits. These findings challenge the tenet that naming speed deficits are specific to RD and implicate naming speed deficits associated with effortful semantic processing in ADHD, which are improved but not normalized by stimulant medication.
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“comorbidity amongst MD, RD, and ADHD has also been associated with low PS, and the relationships between these deficits continue to be explored20,40–44.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“These collective findings support previous research showing a relationship between MD, RD, and PS deficit22,40,42,43.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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Items 101–198 of 198
Examination of the double-deficit hypothesis with adolescents and young adults with dyslexia
Nelson, J. M. (2015) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-015-0105-z · Cited by 23
“When these methods indicated subthreshold symptomatology, ADHD was ruled out.”
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Rapid Naming Tests: Developmental Course and Relations with Neuropsychological Measures
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“, 1986); and the difficulties in colors naming, but not in digits naming, that occurs in clinical groups (e.g., ADHD; Tannock et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResultDrug Class Review on Pharmacologic Treatments for ADHD
McDonagh, M. S., Peterson, K., & Thakurta, S. (2005) · Cited by 21
Cognitive Control in Children with ADHD-C: How efficient are they?
Randall, K. D., Brocki, K. C., & Kerns, K. A. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802464148 · Cited by 20
“Specifically, children with ADHD have been described as having slower response times when naming colors on a variety of speeded naming tasks compared to naming letters, digits, or words (e.g., Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002; Tannock et al., 2000; van Mourik et al., 2005).”
BackgroundWISC-V and the Personalized Assessment Approach
Holdnack, J. A., Prifitera, A., Weiss, L. G., & Saklofske, D. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404697-9.00012-1 · Cited by 19
Whipple, B. D., & Nelson, J. M. (2015) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acv061 · Cited by 21
“Specifically, whereas letters and digits only have one name and are characterized by distinct categories, colors and objects may have more than one possible name and may be associated with overlapping categories (Tannock et al., 2000).”
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Evolution of the Study of Methylphenidate and Its Actions on the Adult Versus Juvenile Brain
Urban, K. R., & Gao, W. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712455504 · Cited by 18
“Interestingly, improvements noted on seemingly executive-function tasks such as sustained and focused attention can be attributed to a simple reduction in reaction time variability following stimulant treatment, rather than an increase in attention or focus (Malone & Swanson, 1993; Ridderinkhof, Scheres, Oosterlaan, &…”
BackgroundCognitive mechanisms underlying the associations between inattention and reading abilities
Plourde, V., Boivin, M., Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Robaey, P., Tremblay, R. E., & Dionne, G. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2017.1422508 · Cited by 19
Young, S., Bramham, J., Tyson, C., & Morris, R. G. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.010 · Cited by 16
Digit Naming Speed Performance Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Brock, S. E., & Christo, C. (2003) · The California School Psychologist · doi:10.1007/bf03340900 · Cited by 17
Language and executive functioning in children with ADHD
Parigger, E. (2012) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 17
Evidence-based psychopharmacology for children and adolescents
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Development of Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) in Simultaneous Kannada-English Biliterate Children
Siddaiah, A., Saldanha, M., Venkatesh, S. K., Ramachandra, N. B., & Padakannaya, P. (2014) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-014-9338-y · Cited by 14
Assessment of cognitive domains during treatment with OROS methylphenidate in adolescents with ADHD
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Wigal, S. B., Maltas, S., Crinella, F., Stehli, A., Steinhoff, K., Lakes, K., & Schuck, S. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710378008 · Cited by 14
Pocklington, B. A., & Maybery, M. T. (2006) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/10349120500510057 · Cited by 16
“Those studies failing to correct for basic word naming (the purported reading ability measure) and colour naming (the purported naming speed measure) fail to take observed rapid naming deficiencies (see Tannock, Martinussen, & Fritjers, 2000 ) into account (Bedard et al, 2002 ).”
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Maoz, H., Aviram, S., Nitzan, U., Segev, A., & Bloch, Y. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715584056 · Cited by 13
The contribution of rapid automatized naming to Chinese character recognition
Chang, Y.-J., Su, F.-H., Tzeng, S., Ko, H., Wu, M.-L., Yang, C.-C., & Yang, C.-Y. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.010 · Cited by 13
Average fixation duration in infancy: Stability and predictive utility
White, H., Heck, A., Jubran, R., Chroust, A. J., & Bhatt, R. S. (2022) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12483 · Cited by 13
Entropy of eye movement during rapid automatized naming
Wang, H., Liu, F., Dong, Y., & Yu, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.945406 · Cited by 12
“In particular, the entropy of brain imaging time-series data has been well documented its technical advantages in the evaluation of several neurobiological disorders, including developmental dyslexia (Katan et al., 2017), depression (Zhao L. et al., 2019), epilepsy (Acharya et al., 2015), ADHD (Joy et al., 2021), and…”
BackgroundInfluentialStubenrauch, C., Freund, J., de Flers, S. A., Scharke, W., Braun, M., Jacobs, A. M., & Konrad, K. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.878690 · Cited by 12
“Finally, to control for impairments in naming speed in ADHD as found by Tannock et al. (2000), our Stroop task also included an object condition in which color naming was assessed separately.”
MethodNaming speed as a predictive diagnostic measure in reading and attentional problems
Areces, D., García, T., Castro, P. G., Álvarez-García, D., & Rodríguez, C. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1391191 · Cited by 12
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“…is mainly manifested in color or object naming deficits, DD is mainly manifested in number and letter naming deficits (Denckla & Rudel, 1974), and comorbidity of ADHD and DD mainly has deficits in both digit and color naming (Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002; Tannock et al., 2000; Whipple & Nelson, 2016).”
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Chan, W. S. R., Hung, S. F., Liu, S. N., & Lee, C. K. K. (2007) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-007-9084-8 · Cited by 11
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Lexical Access Speed and the Development of Phonological Recoding during Immediate Serial Recall
AuBuchon, A. M., Elliott, E. M., Morey, C. C., Jarrold, C., Cowan, N., Adams, E. J., Attwood, M., Bayram, B., Blakstvedt, T. Y., Büttner, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2022.2083140 · Cited by 10
“The seemingly simple skill of rapidly saying the name of a visual symbol is related to a variety of higher order abilities including reading (Wolf & Bowers, 1999), executive function (AuBuchon, Pisoni, & Kronenberger, 2015), and even behavior regulation (Tannock, Martinussen, & Frijters, 2000).”
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Sergeant, J. A. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-1005-7 · Cited by 10
“Alternatively, pragmatic dysfunction in both HFA and to a lesser degree in ADHD [24] suggests that this particular aspect of executive functioning may be relevant in some subgroups [95], although one study found no significant interactions be-”
La littératie familiale et les habiletés en conscience phonologique des enfants de maternelle
Boudreau, M., Saint‐Laurent, L., & Giasson, J. (2021) · Éducation et francophonie · doi:10.7202/1079028ar · Cited by 11
Vadnais, S. A., Kibby, M. Y., & Jagger-Rickels, A. C. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1469135 · Cited by 8
“Various studies utilizing the Rapid Automatized Naming task found that children with ADHD were slower at completing the Color and Object naming conditions than controls, but differences in the Number and Letter conditions are less commonly found (Semrud-Clikeman, Guy & Griffin, 2000; Tannock et al., 2000).”
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“Research commonly uses the Stop-signal Task (SST) or the Go/no-go Task (GNG) to measure motor PS, and the speed of a child’s motor response (e.g., press a button) to a stimulus is recorded (Weiler et al., 2000).”
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Hill, A., Barnea, A., Herzberg, K., Rassis, A., Rotem, S., Meltzer, Y., Li, Y. H., & Eran Zaidel, B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70573-4_7 · Cited by 5
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The difference between autism and ADHD is in the eye of the cognitive task?
Barnard-Brak, L. M. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.007 · Cited by 6
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“Most relevantly from the point of view of the current study, CC is also related to lexical retrieval (Stringer et al., 2004; Tannock et al., 2000), including lexical conflict resolution (Crowther & Martin, 2014; Damian et al.”
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Features of eye movements during rapid automatized naming in Chinese children aged 7–11 years
Wang, H., Liu, F., Dong, Y., & Yu, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.1051432 · Cited by 4
“These RAN tasks were initially used in studies on reading behavior and child development in healthy children, but they have gradually become recognized as a popular and useful psychometric test for identifying a variety of cognitive and neurobiological abnormalities, including developmental dyslexia (13–15), specific…”
MethodParlatini, V., Bellato, A., Roy, S., Murphy, D., & Cortese, S. (2024) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2024.0038 · Cited by 4
Los componentes de la velocidad de denominación y su relación con la comprensión lectora en español
Escobar, J., & Rosas, R. (2018) · Ocnos Revista de Estudios sobre Lectura · doi:10.18239/ocnos_2018.17.2.1572 · Cited by 6
Truong, D. T., Adams, A. K., Boada, R., Frijters, J. C., Hill, D. E., Lovett, M. W., Mahone, E. M., Willcutt, E., Wolf, M., DeFries, J. C., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/202929 · Cited by 4
“Figure 1: LocusZoom plot of genomic region surrounding genome-wide significant SNP, rs1555839, in multivariate GWAS for RAN Objects, RAN Letters, and RAS Letters/Numbers.”
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Urban, K. R., & Gao, W. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54564-2_29 · Cited by 2
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“Para Norton e Wolf, o construto VN mede uma habilidade cognitiva única, cujos déficits não podem ser associados apenas à dislexia e ao processa- mento fonológico (Tannock et al., 2000).”
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Castañeda-Franco, M., Durán, E. T., Feria, M., & Cruz, L. P. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 2
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“, 2019; Georgiou and Parrilla, 2020), specific language impairment (Snowling and Melby-Lervag, 2016), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Tannock et al., 2000), learning disabilities, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Hogan-Brown et al.”
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Diagnosing dyslexia in adults: what is going wrong and how can we fix it?
Elliott, J. G., & Daniel, J. (2026) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2026.2665373 · Cited by 1
“Similarly, RAN deficits have been found across a range of other neurodevelopmental conditions, such as ADHD (Areces et al., 2018; De Groot et al., 2017; Tannock et al., 2000; Waber et al., 2000) and dyscalculia/math difficulty (Koltermann et al., 2020).”
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Attention and Executive Functions of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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“RLN was also found to correctly classify children with a reading disability and children with ADHD even after the use of a stimulant medication had been introduced indicating that RLN relies on a particular type of processing that is not enhanced by medication (Tannock, Martinussen, & Frijters, 2000 ).”
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Periotto, M. C. (2009) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2009.tde-08092009-151608
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Pritchard, V. E. (2007) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6342
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Constance, J. (2013) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)
Funcionamiento ejecutivo, atención y memoria en niños y adolescentes con trastorno afectivo bipolar
Tovar, B., & Janneth, M. (2011) · Digital Library (University of San Buenaventura Colombia)
Dyslexie,adhd en hun co-morbiditeit
de Jong, C. G. W., & Sergeant, J. A. (1999) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8642-0_203
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Lévy, F. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118799574.ch10
Cognitive profiling of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder
Pocklington, B. A. (2010) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
Color Vision and its mechanisms in College students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Salomón: detección temprana en TDAH
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“While RAN is less consistently impaired in ADHD, some studies suggest slower naming speed due to attentional lapses, particularly in tasks requiring rapid processing (Tannock et al., 2000; E. Wang et al., 2017).”
RAPID AUTOMATIZED NAMING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Avdić, Z., Duranović, M., & Klebic, J. (2025) · Research in Education and Rehabilitation · doi:10.51558/2744-1555.2025.8.2.541
Stern, S. K. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1330290
Metadata
- Authors
- Tannock, R., Martinussen, R., & Frijters, J.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Tannock, Rosemary
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237-252
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W1548385953
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, rapid automatized naming, naming speed, reading disorders, color naming, letter naming, arithmetic computation, methylphenidate, stimulant medication, semantic processing, effortful processing, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Reaction Time, Verbal Behavior, Case-Control Studies
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