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Worry and Rumination: Repetitive Thought as a Concomitant and Predictor of Negative Mood
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“In addition, worry during a stressful period predicted higher anxiety and depression after the stress had ended (Segerstrom, Tsao, Alden, & Craske, 2000).”
From A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry (2011) · cites this paper as Segerstrom et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“This seems very important, as such thoughts predict the maintenance of anxious symptoms [53].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“This relationship between mood and negative repetitive thoughts is usual and is highly supported by the scientific literature, outside of any pandemic [53].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“State rumination and state worrying are examples of maladaptive cognitive processes that are associated with negative affect (Mennin & Fresco, 2013; Segerstrom, Tsao, Alden, & Craske, 2000).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Segerstrom, Tsao, Alden, & Craske, 2000
In the citing paper
“Rumination has been defined as a perserverative focus on one’s symptoms of distress (Nolen-Hoeksema 1991) and has consistently been associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms (Michl et al. 2013; Nolan et al. 1998; Segerstrom et al. 2000).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Segerstrom et al. 2000
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Bernard, R. M., Sabariego, C., & Cieza, A. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12514 · Cited by 21
“This kind of repetitive negative thinking [39,40] is believed to present difficulties for concentration and the comprehension of online content as well.”
Lee, J.-S., & Jeong, B. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-426 · Cited by 21
“However, recent studies have increasingly noted that worry is equally related to both anxiety and depression [17,18,46], and our results are in line with such findings.”
ResultPetak, A., & Maričić, J. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22071001 · Cited by 47
“However, while worry refers to future events, rumination is focused on past failures and worries [52,53].”
Episodic repetitive thought: dimensions, correlates, and consequences
Segerstrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Flynn, S. M., Roach, A. R., Testa, J. J., & Hardy, J. K. (2011) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.608126 · Cited by 20
“For example, worry is a cardinal symptom of generalized anxiety disorder; intrusive thoughts are characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder; and ruminative thought has been suggested as a transdiagnostic factor for depression and anxiety (American Psychiatric Association, 1994 ; McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011…”
BackgroundSelf-citationUmegaki, Y., Nakagawa, A., Watkins, E. R., & Mullan, E. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.01.003 · Cited by 20
Repetitive Negative Thought and Executive Dysfunction: An Interactive Pathway to Emotional Distress
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“Worry and rumination have been linked to negative psychological consequences including anxiety and depression (e.g., see Fresco, Frankel, Mennin, Turk, & Heimberg, 2002; Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
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“…whereas rumination and worry are related to both symptoms of anxiety and depression, worry has been found to be more broadly predictive of affective symptoms among adults, more so than rumination (Hong 2007;Muris et al. 2004; Segerstrom et al. 2000; though see Fresco et al. 2002 for an exception).”
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“The potential role of repetitive thought in anxious responding is supported by the fact that individual differences in worry and rumination correlate with anxious symptoms (e.g., Meyer et al., 1990; Segerstrom et al., 2000; Fresco et al., 2002; Muris et al., 2004; Ehring et al., 2011).”
BackgroundReciprocal effects between negative affect and emotion regulation in daily life
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“…and Reflection factors (α = .74α = .74) were used, as the 12 items of depressive rumination contain common elements with the Beck Depression Inventory, so they could overlap with depressive symptoms and lead to the artifactual over-estimation of its predictive ability (Segerstrom et al., 2000,).”
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“, 2018) but have largely been studied separately, despite shared variance and evidence that both are forms of repetitive negative thinking (Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMindfulness and eudaimonic well-being: the mediating roles of rumination and emotion dysregulation
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“As expected, intrinsic affect improving was associ - ated with less rumination while intrinsic affect worsening was associated with more rumination, a strategy that usually results in greater negative affect (Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
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“Segerstrom et al. (2000) propose that the presence of repetitive thought processes play a large role in both anxiety and depression, and agree that the content of repetitive thoughts, such as worry or rumination, are good predictors of anxiety (future threat, uncertainties) or depression (past…”
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“Studies using structure equation modelling showed that a common RNT dimension was associated with multiple symptom outcomes [29, 30].”
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“Rumination also results inmaladaptive cognition, leading patients to interpret intrusive thoughts in a more negative and catastrophic way and amplifying their distress (59), and inhibits emotional processing (60).”
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“Some of these results were replicated by Segerstrom et al. (2000) who found that individuals with repetitive thought show maintenance of anxious symptoms and proposed that failures of this emotional processing may lead to repetitive thought which increases negative mood states.”
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“This seems very important, as such thoughts predict the maintenance of anxious symptoms [53].”
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“Indeed, research has shown that worry and perseverative cognition is linked to poor psychological and somatic health (e.g., McEvoy et al., 2013; Ottaviani et al., 2016; Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
BackgroundCognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Symptoms: Reconsidering the Role of Worry and Rumination
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“Structural equation modelling finds that these measures load on a common factor with both forms of RNT related to anxiety and depression (Fresco, Frankel, Mennin, Turk, & Heimberg, 2002; McEvoy, Mahoney & Moulds, 2010; Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
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“We herein refer to worry in a broad sense, that is, any kind of problematic repetitive thinking (Segerstrom et al., 2000; Watkins, 2008), including rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema et al.”
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“2012); rumination is generally defined as a lengthy, repetitive thought about a current stressor and negative affect (Segerstrom et al. 2000).”
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“Indeed, an association has been demonstrated between acceptance and a reduced level of worry and rumination [21], and between worry/rumination and anxiety [24].”
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“These results are consistent with the metacognitive model and other models (Segerstrom et al., 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
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Brueckmann, M., Hachenberger, J., Wild, E., & Lemola, S. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00318-2 · Cited by 13
“This does not follow logically, because a threat to self-esteem (e.g., an event where a person’s positive self-views are challenged) is not the same thing as the amount of trait self-esteem (i.e., the degree to which people feel positively about themselves).”
Ramesh, S., Beshārat, M. A., & Nough, H. (2020) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896920976697 · Cited by 8
“, 2013), while rumination typically involves repetitive thoughts about past negative events (Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
BackgroundRevisiting the Factor Structure of the Ruminative Response Scale: a Bifactor Approach
Valencia, P. D., & Paredes-Angeles, R. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00214-2 · Cited by 10
“Specifically, they pointed out to the fact that many items of the 22-item RRS seemed to be confounded with depression itself (Cox et al., 2001; Roberts et al., 1998; Segerstrom et al., 2000).”
Cognitive factors related to distress in patients recently diagnosed with cancer
Priede, A., Hoyuela, F., Umaran‐Alfageme, O., & González‐Blanch, C. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5178 · Cited by 9
“Indeed, this finding is consistent with other studies in non‐oncological populations showing that repetitive thinking (rumination and worry) is associated with anxiety and depression.(26,28)”
ResultSeiter, C. R., & Brophy, N. S. (2020) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2020.1765222 · Cited by 8
Aydın, Y. (2023) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1022706 · Cited by 9
The Nocturnal Return of Neglected Regrets: Deficits in Regret Anticipation Predict Insomnia Symptoms
Schmidt, R. E. (2011) · The Open Sleep Journal · doi:10.2174/1874620901104010020 · Cited by 8
“Worry Subtype of repetitive thought, mainly concerning potentially threatening future events [32, 38].”
Johnson, S. U., & Hoffart, A. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2361 · Cited by 7
Evaluating Theories of Repetitive Negative Thinking: Replication and Extension
Tamm, G., Koster, E. H. W., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10546-1 · Cited by 7
“We observed a strong correlation between worry and rumination (r = .68, p < 0.05) which is consistent with prior findings (e.g.de Jong-Meyer et al., 2009; Segerstrom et al., 2000; Stade & Ruscio, 2023).”
InfluentialKocsel, N., Horváth, Z., Reinhardt, M., Szabó, E., & Kökönyei, G. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09688 · Cited by 8
“In addition, both rumination and worry play important, (partially) overlapping roles not just in the development and maintenance of major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder [5, 6, 7, 8], but in many other psychopathologies as well [9, 10], highlighting their role as transdiagnostic proximal risk facto…”
BackgroundWassersug, R. J., & Hamilton, L. D. (2018) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-017-0085-9 · Cited by 7
A latent profile analysis of repetitive negative thinking: Distinguishing ruminators from worriers
Wisco, B. E., Plate, A., May, C. L., & Aldao, A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808718811428 · Cited by 7
“…to worry about the implications of past events and ruminate about possible future “consequences” of depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeskema et al. 2008; Segerstrom et al., 2000)—within-subjects comparisons have found that rumination is significantly more pastfocused than worry, and that worry is…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Segerstrom, Suzanne C.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 671-688
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2128460805
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 10.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- worry, rumination, repetitive thinking, negative mood, anxiety, depression, students, patients, emotional processing
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