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Unconditional self-acceptance and responses to negative feedback
Abstract
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT; Ellis, 1995) contends that esteeming oneself-favorably or unfavorably-is illogical (implying an objective basis for evaluating global worth) and counterproductive (making one prone to depression in the wake of setbacks, anxiety otherwise). A healthier outlook requires unconditional self-acceptance (USA). We evaluated predictions regarding USA in a nonclinical university student sample. Consistent with REBT, participants scoring high on a USA questionnaire, controlling for self-esteem level, reported being low in proneness to depression and in self-esteem lability. They also were more objective in evaluating their performance on a public speaking task and were less apt to denigrate people who provided negative evaluations of their speeches. Predictions regarding impression management, willingness to try another speech, and mood or state self-esteem reactivity to feedback were not supported. Discussion focused on implications for research on USA as well as applied implications for therapy or prevention programs. © 2001 Human Sciences Press, Inc.
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“Previous findings have highlighted the link between rational beliefs and less anxiety55, stronger ability to deal with the stress of negative life events56, and more tolerance in stressful situations57.”
From Rational thinking as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and dental anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
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“USA is negatively related to depression and anxiety (Chamberlain and Haaga, 2001; Scott, 2007), and low USA can lead to self-blame and self-criticism (cf. Hill et al., 2008) and may increase the propensity for narcissism, downward social comparison (a person looks to another individual or group…”
BackgroundInfluentialDimensions of Perfectionism, Unconditional Self-Acceptance, and Depression
Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2003) · Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1025051431957 · Cited by 200
“Previous research has shown that low unconditional self-acceptance is associated with depression and depression proneness in student samples (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a, 2001b).”
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Mindfulness, Self-Esteem, and Unconditional Self-Acceptance
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A Synopsis of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and Applied Research
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“USAQ scores were shown to negatively correlate with self-reported anxiety and depression and to positively correlate with measures of happiness and life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a).”
BackgroundInfluentialLundh, L. (2004) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/b:jore.0000047311.12864.27 · Cited by 104
“Contemporary research on individual differences in unconditional self-acceptance has confirmed that low levels of unconditional self-acceptance are associated with depression, anxiety, and low levels of self-esteem, happiness, and life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a), as well as higher reactivity to negative…”
BackgroundMeasuring Dimensions of Perceived Discrimination in Five Stigmatized Groups
Molero, F. J., Recio, P., García‐Ael, C., Fuster, M. J. L., & Sanjuán, P. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0179-5 · Cited by 80
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Shehzala, Jaiswal, A., Vemireddy, V., & Angeli, F. (2024) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-02-2023-0141 · Cited by 91
The Effect of Perfectionism and Unconditional Self-acceptance on Depression
Scott, J. (2007) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-006-0032-3 · Cited by 63
“This was initially due to the absence of a suitable measure, however, Chamberlain and Haaga (2001), constructed the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (USAQ), and found that low levels of unconditional self-acceptance were detrimental to psychological health, and associated with depression, anxiety and low le…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential5 The Behavioral Consequences of Irrational Beliefs
Szentágotai, A., & Jones, J. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182231.003.0005 · Cited by 51
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“In this regard, one possible future study would be to provoke or prime work related achievement frustration in a group of students, and using an experimental design, investigate the relationship of these and other perfectionistic irrational beliefs to state emotions (e.g. Chamberlain and Haaga 2001b ).”
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Davies, M. F. (2007) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0061-6 · Cited by 48
“The present findings are similar to those of a recent study by Ciarrochi (2004) who correlated the Common Beliefs Survey III measure of irrational beliefs with a number of measures of negative well-being (depression, anxiety, stress, guilt, hostility, hopelessness and suicidal thinking) and positive well-being (life s…”
ResultWhen is unconditional self-acceptance a better predictor of mental health than self-esteem?
Popov, S. (2019) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0310-x · Cited by 43
“Previous studies supported hypotheses related to the beneficial influence of USA on mental health indicators (Chamberlain and Haaga 2001a, b; Popov et al.”
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“Recently, however, Chamberlain and Haaga (2001a) devised a measure consisting of 20 statements reflecting the various philosophical and practical aspects of unconditional self-acceptance distilled from the REBT literature.”
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Moore, S. D., Brody, L. R., & Dierberger, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20600 · Cited by 47
IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT SELF-ESTEEM AND IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
Sava, F. A., Maricutoiu, L. P., Rusu, S., Macsinga, I., & Vîrgă, D. (2011) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · Cited by 37
Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2018) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0305-7 · Cited by 35
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Depression vulnerability, cigarette smoking, and the serotonin transporter gene
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Self-citationPaloș, R., & Vîşcu, L.-I. (2014) · ISRN Rheumatology · doi:10.1155/2014/317259 · Cited by 28
Childhood trauma, depressive symptoms and rational /irrational beliefs: A moderated mediation model
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“Therefore, individuals who are able to accept how they conceptualize themselves, tend to have lower tendency to compare themselves to others [13], because they also tend to show less need for approval, and therefore less susceptible of negative evaluations or critics [26].”
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“The Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (USAQ; Chamberlain and Haaga, 2001) is a 20-item self-report scale that evaluates the degree of self-acceptance, or to which a person uses rational or rather irrational beliefs for self-assessment.”
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“Several experimental studies have also supported the protective role of USA in adverse emotional reactions in situations of real stressors (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a; Popov et al., 2016).”
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“…well-being” (Chamberlain and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Negotiation Journal April 2009 225 33 Haaga 2001a: 171) and to respond more favorably to negative feedback (Chamberlain and Haaga 2001b: 187).”
Measuring and Characterizing Unconditional Self-Acceptance
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Self-citationSelf-Acceptance in Buddhism and Psychotherapy
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“For example, in a nonclinical adult sample, phiUSA was positively correlated with state mood after imaginal exposure to negative activated events and negatively correlated with anxiety symptoms and with narcissism (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a , 2001b ).”
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“This result may be explained by the fact that individuals with high self-esteem were more self-accepting in various situations than those with low self-esteem (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a, b; Macinnes, 2006) .”
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“For example, Chamberlain and Haaga (2001) found that non-clinical university students who scored high on a measure of USA could more objectively evaluate their performance on tasks. Alternatively, McCown, Blake, & Keiser (2012) indicated that college students who procrastinated engaged more readily in global evaluatio…”
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“…to the central constructs of the proposed hypothesis is presented: USA, the Enneagram personality system, and PWB. Unconditional self-acceptance Chamberlain and Haaga (2001a, 2001b), attest that esteeming oneself either favorably or unfavorably is illogical, unhealthy, and counterproductive.”
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“In a subsequent study, in which three problematic items were reworded, internal consistency rose to .86 (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001b).”
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“In particular, low self-esteem in any level reflects a dysfunctional habit of globally evaluating one's worth; therefore, it would be preferable to accept oneself unconditionally first (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
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“People who accept themselves tend to have satisfying social relationships (Broder, 2013 ), demonstrate effective leadership (Denmark, 1973 ), and respond less defensively to negative feedback (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001 ).”
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Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (USAQ)
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“Internal consistency was moderate (Cronbach’s α = 0.72) but increased following revision of three items (α = 0.86) (Chamberlain and Haaga 2001b ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe effect of negative emotions and EA on adolescents’ SWB
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“Unconditional self-acceptance is negatively correlated with anxiety and narcissism, even after controlling for self-esteem (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a), and it is positively associated with the regulation of psychological needs (Faustino et al., 2020).”
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“The contribution of unconditional self-acceptance to mental health has also been shown in experimental studies where the effect of this type of self-assessment was tested in ego-provoking situations, such as public speaking (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Popov et al., 2015; 2016a).”
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A Study on Scale Development of Self-Complexity and Related Variables for Adolescents
김성호, & Kim, W. (2015) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.16.5.201510.283
정성연, & Choi, H. (2013) · The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling · doi:10.35151/kyci.2013.21.2.001
The Meaning and Experiences of Self-Compassion Among Adolescents
Klingle, K. E. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3jw96
Metadata
- Authors
- Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. F.
- Affiliations
- American University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haaga, David A. F.
- ORCID
- Haaga, David A. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 177-189
- ISSN
- 0894-9085 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6563
- OpenAlex
- W1804494138
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- unconditional self-acceptance, negative feedback, rational emotive behavior therapy, self-esteem, depression proneness, impression management, university students
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