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A Comparison of the Neuropsychological Profiles of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD
Abstract
Recent research on the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has demonstrated that the subtypes differ in demographic characteristics, types of functional impairment, and profiles of comorbidity with other childhood disorders. However, little research has tested whether the subtypes differ in underlying neuropsychological deficits. This study compared the neuropsychological profiles of children without ADHD (n = 82) and children who met symptom criteria for DSM-IV Predominantly Inattentive subtype (ADHD-IA; n = 67), Predominantly Hyperactive Impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI; n = 14), and Combined subtype (ADHD-C; n = 33) in the areas of processing speed, vigilance, and inhibition. We hypothesized that children with elevations of inattention symptoms (ADHD-IA and ADHD-C) would be impaired on measures of vigilance and processing speed, whereas children with significant hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD-HI and ADHD-C) would be impaired on measures of inhibition. Contrary to prediction, symptoms of inattention best predicted performance on all dependent measures, and ADHD-IA and ADHD-C children had similar profiles of impairment. In contrast, children with ADHD-HI were not significantly impaired on any dependent measures once subclinical symptoms of inattention were controlled. Our results do not support distinct neuropsychological deficits in ADHD-IA and ADHD-C children, and suggest that symptoms of inattention, rather than symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsiv…
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“In addition, children have also been found to perform more poorly than healthy controls on subtests measuring processing speed (Chhabildas et al. 2001; Shanahan et al. 2006) due to deficits in focused attention (Rucklidge and Tannock 2002), thus achieving lower scores on PSI (Calhoun and Mayes 2005).”
From Measurement Invariance of the WISC-V across a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with ADHD and a Matched Control Group (2024) · cites this paper as Chhabildas et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory 15 and processing speed.16”
From WISC-IV-Chinese version index scores in Taiwanese children with ADHD (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“research has shown that neuropsychological impairment is mainly related to inattention but not to hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD”
From Relationships between neuropsychological measures of executive function and behavioral measures of ADHD symptoms and comorbid behavior (2006) · cites this paper as Chhabildas et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Cognitive and language related disorders and internalizing problems have mainly been associated with inattention symptoms rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms”
From Relationships between neuropsychological measures of executive function and behavioral measures of ADHD symptoms and comorbid behavior (2006) · cites this paper as Chhabildas et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman, Eninger, Forssman, & Bohlin, 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001).”
From WISC-IV profile in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Impaired processing speed is associated with increased autism communication symptoms and decreased adaptive communication abilities (2012) · cites this paper as Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001
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“Children with ADHD display lower scores on cool EFs, including processing speed (PS) or how quickly an individual understands information and then acts on it (e.g., Chhabildas et al., 2001; Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002; Willcutt et al., 2005).”
BackgroundIssues Related to the WISC-V Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in Clinical and Special Groups
Miller, J., Saklofske, D. H., Weiss, L. G., Drozdick, L. W., Llorente, A. M., Holdnack, J. A., & Prifitera, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404697-9.00010-8 · Cited by 12
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“According to the dominating model of ADHD, executive dysfunction is particularly essential to predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD and combined subtype of ADHD as compared with predominantly inattentive ADHD.4 In addition, the dysfunction rises primarily from impairments in response inhibition, which will lead to…”
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“When specifically viewed different cognitive domains, it was found that PS (measured as response slowness and variability) was most pronounced in co-morbid ASD and ADHD children [11,17,18].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialContributors to the social goals and outcomes of students with ADHD with and without LD
Zentall, S. S. (2005) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2006.06.007 · Cited by 10
“Even when there are differences in the defining conditions, it can be especially difficult to separate ADHD-I from LD, because many of these children have both disabilities and each disability has attentional, academic, language, and social problems (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Willcutt & Pennington, 2000).”
BackgroundForssman, L., Bohlin, G., Lundervold, A. J., Taanila, A. M., Heiervang, E. R., Loo, S. K., Järvelin, M., Smalley, S. L., Moilanen, I. K., & Rodriguez, A. (2009) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640903265111 · Cited by 9
“These findings converge with conclusions from other studies using a dimensional approach (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Lui & Tannock, 2007) in that they also found cognitive functioning to be primarily associated with IA symptoms.”
Result“My Brain Can Stop”: An ERP Study of Longitudinal Prediction of Inhibitory Control in Adolescence
Einziger, T., Ben‐Shachar, M. S., Devor, T., Shmueli, M., Auerbach, J. G., & Berger, A. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010100 · Cited by 9
The validity of the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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“Some research suggests that EF weaknesses are primarily associated with inattention [21-23].”
BackgroundAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Mandelbaum, D. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0435-8.00047-0 · Cited by 9
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“The most common symptoms observed in the hyperactive/impulsive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are hyperactivity and an increased sensitivity to the delay of reinforcement [1,2].”
Auditory Attention: Time of Day and Type of School
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“The failure to detect the target stimulus (omission errors) reflects a lack of attention (7-9) as well as the presence of responses to a non-target stimulus, reflects the lack of inhibition (9).”
BackgroundVadnais, S. A., Kibby, M. Y., & Jagger-Rickels, A. C. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1469135 · Cited by 8
“…to perform comparably in short-term memory (Cockcroft, 2011), cognitive executive functioning, (Castellanos, Sonuga-Barke, Milham, & Tannock, 2006; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Nigg et al., 2005; Schmitz et al., 2002; Willcutt et al., 2005), rapid naming (Nigg et al., 2002), and motor speed (Pitcher…”
Distinct neuroimaging subtypes of ADHD among adolescents based on semi-supervised learning
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“This clinical classi fi cation has recently been criticized for its poor robustness [6], indistinguishable response to medication [7], overlapping psychiatric comorbidity [8], shared neuropsychological de fi cits [9], and failure to re fl ect the underlying neurobiological mechanism [10].”
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“These findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating that processing speed deficits are common in ADHD (e.g., Chhabildas et al., 2001; Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002; Shanahan et al., 2006; Thaler et al., 2013) and the growing evidence that processing speed contributes to writing…”
Self-citationLee, C. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231211022 · Cited by 6
“For example, Chhabildas et al. (2001) measured children’s PS using the Coding subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Trail Making Test (part A & part B).”
MethodWang, C., Shen, Y., Cheng, M., Zhu, Z., Lv, Y., Zhang, X., Feng, Z., Yang, Z., & Zhao, X. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1303230 · Cited by 6
Zhang, Q., & Li, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221104079 · Cited by 8
“, 2002) relative to children with ADHD-I symptoms (Chhabildas et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDimensions of temperamental activity level and adjustment
Teglasi, H., French, M., Lohr, L. B., Miller, K. J., Erwin, H. D., Rothman, L., & Denny, M. S. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.034 · Cited by 6
Selective Attention Deficits in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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“In another neuropsychological study ( 11 ) it even appeared that symptoms of inattention, rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity, predicted neuropsychological impairment in vigilance, as well as inhibition.”
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“In addition, both structured and semistructured interviews have been shown to have levels of reliability as low as .60 (Pelham et al., 2005), and neuropsychological testing has poor discriminant validity (Chhabildas et al., 2001).”
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“It was decided a priori that youth with a diagnosis of predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD would be excluded from the current analysis given that prior work has found hyperactivity/ impulsivity to have little predictive value for any neurocognitive domain [44]; for this reason, three children enrolled in the orig…”
Using Drift Diffusion Modeling to Understand Inattentive Behavior in Preterm and Term-Born Children
Retzler, J., Retzler, C., Groom, M., Johnson, S., & Cragg, L. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000590 · Cited by 3
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“…inattention rather than hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, which highlights the need to distinguish between cognitive inhibition, associated with performance on neuropsychological tasks, and behavioral disinhibition problems (i.e., difficulty regulating gross motor activity) (Chhabildas et al., 2001).”
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“Contrary to our findings, Chhabildas et al. (2001) demonstrated that the inattention symptoms accounted for deficits in response inhibition in ADHD.”
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Soo, C. A., & Bailey, J. (2006) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1375/brim.7.2.133 · Cited by 6
“Chhabildas et al. (2001) compared performance of children with ADHD/I (n = 67), children with ADHD/C (n = 33), children with ADHD/HI (n = 14), and non-ADHD controls (n = 82) on measures of sustained attention as well as other neuropsychological tests.”
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Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood
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Retzler, J., Groom, M. J., Johnson, S. J., & Cragg, L. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251313888 · Cited by 5
“Studies have shown that CPT task performance is better predicted by inattentive symptoms than hyperactive-impulsive symptoms (Chhabildas et al., 2001).”
A Biopsychosocial Overview of Speech Disorders: Neuroanatomical, Genetic, and Environmental Insights
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“Based on previous studies, the principal treatments of ADHD have focused on the use of medication, behavioral, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and neural treatments (8-16).”
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“For instance, Chabildas and collaborators suggest that all three presentations share a core attention deficit, which may account for most of the other cognitive and behavioral impairments observed, calling into question the distinctiveness of the presentations [19].”
Chamorro, Y., Ramírez‐Dueñas, M. D. L., & Matute, E. (2020) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000252 · Cited by 4
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Differential cognitive development : a neuropsychological approach
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“Es probable que el defecto cognitivo predominante sea en estos casos un defecto en la memoria de trabajo más que un problema en la inhibición de respuestas, aunque algunos estudios presentan diferencias escasas y poco consistentes en relación con el rendimiento cognitivo de los dos subtipos clínicos: TDAH-HI frente a…”
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Working Memory and Higher-Order Cognition in Children
Tillman, C. M. (2008) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) · Cited by 4
Camprodon‐Rosanas, E., Duñó, L., Batlle, S., Estrada‐Prat, X., Aceña, M., Marrón, M., Torrúbia, R., Pujals, E., Martín‐Lopez, L. M., & Ribas‐Fitó, N. (2014) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.18.num.2.2013.12771 · Cited by 4
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“…with the findings of studies concerning the combined subtype of ADHD, which is characterized by severe difficulties in functioning across domains and poor executive functioning (Baeyens et al., 2006; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Gambin & Święcicka, 2009; Geurts et al., 2004; Milich et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCognitive Function in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Song, Y. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/60785 · Cited by 4
“That is, ADHD is associated with weaknesses in several key EF domains, but the strongest and most consistent effects are obtained on measures of response inhibition, vigilance, spatial working memory and some measures of planning [8, 41, 56-58].”
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“(48) and Rucklidge and Tannock (38) findings that processing speed is particularly associated with inattention, we also found that many of the tests correlating with inattention were time-sensitive.”
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Aufmerksamkeitstherapie bei Grundschülern
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Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E. E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., & Asimakopoulou, S. (2023) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v52i1.10251 · Cited by 3
“The attention difficulties result in distraction, decreased perseverance, slower cognitive processing, and difficulties in organizing and strategizing (Chhabildas et al., 2001; Sagvolden et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe interaction of ADHD traits and trait anxiety on inhibitory control
Hare, C., Panda, E., Collins, T. K., Segalowitz, S. J., & Tekok-Kılıç, A. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14734 · Cited by 2
“…with some studies showing increased CPT commission errors (Hinshaw et al., 2002) or longer stop signal reaction times (SSRT; Geurts et al., 2005; Nigg et al., 2002) and others unable to find subtype differences on one or more of these measures (Bauermeister et al., 2005; Chhabildas et al., 2001).”
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Executive functioning: A way to differentiate ADHD /C from ADHD /PI
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Attention and Executive Functions Performance in Postsecondary Students with AD/HD and Dyslexia
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Comparing DSM-IV Types of ADHD Across Performance Domains: A Meta-Analysis
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EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT / HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Van-Saydam, R. B. (2007) · Cited by 1
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“Children categorized into subtypes by presenting six or more criteria of either IA, H/I, or combination of both (C).(3)”
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Measures of executive functions predicting Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder core symptoms
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“Chhabildas et al. (2001) also indicated that the ToL had a stronger association with inattention symptoms than H/I. Mokobane et al. (2020), Pila-Nemutandani and Meyer (2016) and Saydam et al. (2015) also found that inattention was mainly involved, as especially children with ADHD-PI and ADHD-C’s…”
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Cognitive dysfunction in children presented with behavioral disorders
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chhabildas, Nomita
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 529-540
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2142256026
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f31mh012017-01, 5p01hd011681-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31 MH12017, F32 MH 12100, F32MH012100, MH 38820, MH 00419)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 27802, HD11681, P50HD027802)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined subtype, neuropsychological deficits, processing speed, sustained attention, inhibition, inattentive symptoms, hyperactivity/impulsivity, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Comorbidity
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