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School Bonding in Children and Adolescents: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Associated Variables
Abstract
School bonding refers to the "connections" that youth have with their schools and various aspects of their academic lives. School bonding may be an important concept in prevention because it has been linked to various developmental and adjustment outcomes. This paper reviews conceptualizations, measurements, and theories of school bonding. Also considered are empirical studies that have linked school bonding to a variety of outcomes (substance use, delinquency, antisocial behavior, self-esteem). The review includes examination of how school bonding serves as a mediator in these relations and, in turn, is moderated by other variables. Despite inconsistencies in conceptualization and measurement, it is concluded that school bonding is an important construct and an appropriate target for intervention. Recommendations are offered regarding future research on school bonding, especially with respect to positive developmental outcomes and examination of variables that might moderate school bonding.
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“Several studies have indicated that school bonding (e.g.Maddox and Prinz 2003), school relatedness (e.g.Deci and Ryan 2000) and school connectedness (e.g.Resnick et al. 1997;Shochet et al. 2006; see also Lohmeier and Lee 2011) are negatively associated with unfavourable characteristics such as anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, substance use, delinquency, and antisocial behaviour.”
From The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: a meta-analytic review (2020) · cites this paper as Maddox and Prinz 2003
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maddox, S. J., & Prinz, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maddox, Samuel J.
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-49
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- OpenAlex
- W102853901
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- school connectedness, adolescents, children, substance use, delinquency, antisocial behavior, self-esteem, mediation, moderation, prevention, developmental outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Object Attachment, Psychological Theory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schools, Social Adjustment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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