The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recognition of Faux Pas by Normally Developing Children and Children with Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism
Abstract
Most theory of mind (ToM) tests are designed for subjects with a mental age of 4-6 years. There are very few ToM tests for subjects who are older or more able than this. We report a new test of ToM, designed for children 7-11 years old. The task involves recognizing faux pas. Study 1 tested 7-9, and 11-year-old normal children. Results showed that the ability to detect faux pas developed with age and that there was a differential developmental profile between the two sexes (female superiority). Study 2 tested children with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA), selected for being able to pass traditional 4- to 6-year level (first- and second-order) false belief tests. Results showed that whereas normal 9- to 11-year-old children were skilled at detecting faux pas, children with AS or HFA were impaired on this task. Study 3 reports a refinement in the test, employing control stimuli. This replicated the results from Study 2. Some patients with AS or HFA were able to recognize faux pas but still produced them. Future research should assess faux pas production.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Gender differences in Eyes-C scores (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999) have been reported in early adolescence.”
From Reading Books and Reading Minds: Differential Effects of Wonder and The Crossover on Empathy and Theory of Mind (2017) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“This theory of mind test requires recognizing faux pas: social errors caused by false belief (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999).”
From Reading Books and Reading Minds: Differential Effects of Wonder and The Crossover on Empathy and Theory of Mind (2017) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“Although Baron-Cohen et al. (1999) reported that girls outscore boys on faux pas detection between the ages of 7 and 11, we saw no such gender difference at the beginning of our study.”
From Reading Books and Reading Minds: Differential Effects of Wonder and The Crossover on Empathy and Theory of Mind (2017) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al. (1999)
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the majority of ToM tasks require nonemotional mental states to be inferred from contextual information or dynamic behavioral cues (Baron-Cohen, O’Riordan, Stone, Jones, & Plaisted, 1999; Dziobek et al., 2006).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, O’Riordan, Stone, Jones, & Plaisted, 1999
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599 · cited 1×
“The first-order task was the traditional "Sally-Anne" task (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985).”
MethodSelf-citationWimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 · Cited by 3,428
Self-citationExecutive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · cited 4×
“The executive dysfunction theory of autism (Ozonoff, 1995; Ozonoff, Pennington, & Rogers, 1991; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996) has more difficulty in providing a plausible explanation for the present results.”
BackgroundResultInfluential(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724
Happé, F. G. E. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172093 · Cited by 2,352
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Halpern, D. F. (2000) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605290 · Cited by 1,989
Baron‐Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x · Cited by 1,970
Self-citationExecutive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x · Cited by 1,766
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., Whetton, C., & Pintilie, D. (1982). British Picture Vocabulary Test. London: NFER-Nelson.
- Happé, F. (1996). Autism. London: UCL Press.
- McGuiness, D., & Pribram, K. H. (1979). The origins of sensory bias in the development of gender differences in perception and cognition. In M. Borner (Ed.), Cognitive growth and development: Essays in memory of Herbert G Birch. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
- World Health Organization. (1994). International classification of disease (10th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 · Cited by 4,093
Self-citationThe functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407
The extreme male brain theory of autism
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01904-6 · Cited by 2,007
Self-citationFrontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998562942 · Cited by 1,524
Self-citationSex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism
Baron-Cohen, S., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Belmonte, M. K. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1115455 · Cited by 1,145
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., O'Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R., & Plaisted, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 407-418
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1486096542
- Cited by
- 1,211
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 19.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- theory of mind, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, false belief understanding, social cognition development, age differences, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reference Values, Social Behavior, Socialization, Asperger Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
