An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults
Abstract
Research has suggested that the core handicaps of autism result from a specific impairment in theory of mind (ToM). However, this account has been challenged by the finding that a minority of autistic subjects pass 1st- and even 2nd-order ToM tests while remaining socially handicapped. In the present study, able autistic subjects who failed ToM tasks, those who passed 1st-order, and those who passed 2nd-order tasks were tested with a battery of more naturalistic and complex stories. Autistic subjects were impaired at providing context-appropriate mental state explanations for the story characters' nonliteral utterances, compared to normal and mentally handicapped controls. Performance on the stories was closely related to performance on standard ToM tasks, but even those autistic subjects who passed all ToM tests showed impairments on the more naturalistic story materials relative to normal adult controls.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The false-belief deficit in autism spectrum disorder holds even when accounting for individual differences such as verbal mental age.
“additional research has shown that this finding holds even when accounting for such individual differences (Happé, 1994).”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Happé, 1994
Cites
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599 · see citing works
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305 · see citing works
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Leslie, A. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.412 · Cited by 3,379 · see citing works
(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724 · see citing works
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5332 · Cited by 1,760 · see citing works
Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: A test of relevance theory
Happe, F. G. E. (1993) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-r · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
The Autistic Child's Theory of Mind: a Case of Specific Developmental Delay
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication
Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. M., & Leekam, S. R. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130734 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Autistic children's understanding of seeing, knowing and believing
Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1988) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1988.tb01104.x · Cited by 598 · see citing works
(1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526770 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
The cognitive basis of a biological disorder: autism
Uta Frith, A., Morton, J., & Leslie, A. M. (1991) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90041-r · Cited by 556 · see citing works
“Theory of Mind” in Asperger's Syndrome Dermot M. Bowler
Bowler, D. M. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Asperger's Syndrome: Evidence of an Empirical Distinction from High‐Functioning Autism
Ozonoff, S. J., Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00352.x · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Deception and Sabotage in Autistic, Retarded and Normal Children
Sodian, B., & Uta Frith, A. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00893.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03604.x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Surprise but not coherence: Sensitivity to verbal humor in right-hemisphere patients*1
Brownell, H. (1983) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(83)90002-0 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
On acquiring knowledge about people and the capacity to pretend: response to Leslie (1987)
Hobson, R. (1990) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.114 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Autism: Nature, Diagnosis and Treatment
Tanguay, P. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430220140046 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The effects of right hemisphere damage on the pragmatic interpretation of conversational remarks*1
Kaplan, J. (1990) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(90)90117-y · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130910 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Happe, F. G. E. (1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526770.007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Beyond cognition: A theory of autism.
Hobson, R. P. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Assessment of language disorders after right hemisphere damage
Bryan, K. L. (1988) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/13682828809019881 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 · Cited by 4,093 · see citing works
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306 · see citing works
Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks.
Wellman, H. M., & Liu, D. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Baron‐Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x · Cited by 1,970 · see citing works
Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension.
Fletcher, P. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-r · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Autism: beyond “theory of mind”
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Self-citationGallagher, H. L., Happé, F., Brunswick, N., Fletcher, P. C., Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00053-6 · Cited by 1,394 · see citing works
Self-citationCastelli, F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf189 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
The Role of Age and Verbal Ability in the Theory of Mind Task Performance of Subjects with Autism
Happe, F. G. E. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131954 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Social Cognition and Story Comprehension
Mar, R. A. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145406 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Introducing MASC: A Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition
Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Rogers, K., Hassenstab, J., Brand, M., Kessler, J., Woike, J. K., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0107-0 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., & Volkmar, F. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1202 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Abell, F., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2000) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(00)00014-9 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Self-citationHaidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2008) · The Innate Mind, Volume 3 · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
GOLAN, O., & BARON-COHEN, S. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060305 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Srivastava, A., Rastogi, A., Rao, A., Shoeb, A. A. M., Abid, A., Fisch, A., Brown, A. R., Santoro, A., Gupta, A., Garriga-Alonso, A., et al. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.04615 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Self-citationKlin, A. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00671 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Theory of mind—evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology
Brüne, M., & Brüne-Cohrs, U. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.08.001 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Theory of Mind and Self‐Consciousness: What Is It Like to Be Autistic?
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1999) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00100 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Self-citationTheory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits
Sharp, C., Pane, H., Ha, C., Venta, A., Patel, A. B., Sturek, J., & Fonagy, P. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.017 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders
Henry, J. D., von Hippel, W., Molenberghs, P., Lee, T., & Sachdev, P. S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.229 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.895 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Neural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: the role of prosody and context
Wang, A. T., Lee, S. S., Sigman, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl032 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Emanuel Miller lecture: Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome
Frith, U. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Understanding autism: Insights from mind and brain
Hill, E. L., & Frith, U. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1209 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Two Takes on the Social Brain: A Comparison of Theory of Mind Tasks
Gobbini, M. I., Koralek, A. C., Bryan, R. E., Montgomery, K. J., & Haxby, J. V. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.11.1803 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Enhancing Empathy and Theory of Mind
Goldstein, T. R., & Winner, E. (2012) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.573514 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Social cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Uekermann, J., Kraemer, M., Abdel-Hamid, M., Schimmelmann, B. G., Hebebrand, J., Daum, I., Wiltfang, J., & Kis, B. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.009 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Chalfant, A. M., Rapee, R., & Carroll, L. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0318-4 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Livingston, L. A., & Happé, F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citationVellante, M., Baron-Cohen, S., Melis, M., Marrone, M., Petretto, D. R., Masala, C., & Preti, A. (2013) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.721728 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Who Cares? Revisiting Empathy in Asperger Syndrome
Rogers, K., Dziobek, I., Hassenstab, J., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0197-8 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Baum, S. H., Stevenson, R. A., & Wallace, M. T. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.007 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A., Keane, J., & Young, A. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00151-3 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hill, J. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0057-y · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Just, M. A. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910802198510 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
ChatGPT outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations
Elyoseph, Z., Hadar-Shoval, D., Asraf, K., & Lvovsky, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1199058 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of mentalizing impairments in adults with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
Chung, Y. S., Barch, D., & Strube, M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt048 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., Hill, J. J., & Rutherford, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0252-5 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Understanding Minds and Metaphors: Insights from the Study of Figurative Language in Autism
Happé, F. G. E. (1995) · Metaphor and Symbolic Activity · doi:10.1207/s15327868ms1004_3 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Language, social, and executive functions in high functioning Autism: a continuum of performance
Landa, R. J., & Goldberg, M. C. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0001-1 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
What Do Theory-of-Mind Tasks Actually Measure? Theory and Practice
Quesque, F., & Rossetti, Y. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619896607 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
An integrative neural model of social perception, action observation, and theory of mind
Yang, D. Y.-J., Rosenblau, G., Keifer, C., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.020 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9232-x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Testing theory of mind in large language models and humans
Strachan, J. W. A., Albergo, D., Borghini, G., Pansardi, O., Scaliti, E., Gupta, S., Saxena, K., Rufo, A., Panzeri, S., Manzi, G., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01882-z · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Theory of mind and neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood
KORKMAZ, B. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212c177 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
A systematic review on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies
Han, E., Scior, K., Avramides, K., & Crane, L. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2652 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Wang, A. T., Lee, S. S., Sigman, M., & Dapretto, M. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.698 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Affective and cognitive empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Mazza, M., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., De Berardis, D., Masedu, F., & Valenti, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00791 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Spontaneous Theory of Mind and Its Absence in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Senju, A. (2012) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410397208 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Hutchins, T. L., Prelock, P. A., & Bonazinga, L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1244-7 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The representation of self and person knowledge in the medial prefrontal cortex
Wagner, D. D., Haxby, J. V., & Heatherton, T. F. (2012) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1183 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Awkward Moments Test: A Naturalistic Measure of Social Understanding in Autism
Heavey, L., Phillips, W., Baron-Cohen, S., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005544518785 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Roeyers, H., Buysse, A., Ponnet, K., & Pichal, B. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00718 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non‐deprived adoptees. III. Quasi‐autism
Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Croft, C., Murin, M., Colvert, E., Beckett, C., Castle, J., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01792.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., Hill, J. J., & Golan, Y. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600980986 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Functional brain networks and white matter underlying theory-of-mind in autism
Kana, R. K., Libero, L. E., Hu, C. P., Deshpande, H. D., & Colburn, J. S. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss106 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study
Müller, R.-A., Pierce, K., Ambrose, J. B., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01004-0 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Rødgaard, E.-M., Jensen, K., Vergnes, J.-N., Soulières, I., & Mottron, L. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1956 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Oxytocin improves behavioural and neural deficits in inferring others’ social emotions in autism
Aoki, Y., Yahata, N., Watanabe, T., Takano, Y., Kawakubo, Y., Kuwabara, H., Iwashiro, N., Natsubori, T., Inoue, H., Suga, M., et al. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu231 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Social cognition in borderline personality disorder
Roepke, S., Vater, A., Preißler, S., Heekeren, H. R., & Dziobek, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00195 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Kreppner, J., O'connor, T. G., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000278 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Baker, C. A., Peterson, E., Pulos, S., & Kirkland, R. A. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.001 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Milosavljevic, B., Carter Leno, V., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Jones, C. R. G., Erskine, C., Charman, T., & Happé, F. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2670-8 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., & Hill, K. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025826009731 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Neurophysiological correlates of relatively enhanced local visual search in autistic adolescents
Manjaly, Z. M., Bruning, N., Neufang, S., Stephan, K. E., Brieber, S., Marshall, J. C., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Konrad, K., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.036 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
V. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL TOLL OF EARLY HUMAN DEPRIVATION
Nelson, C. A., Bos, K., Gunnar, M. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00630.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Channon, S., & Crawford, S. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00154-2 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Anagnostou, E., Soorya, L., Brian, J., Dupuis, A., Mankad, D., Smile, S., & Jacob, S. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.049 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Atypical development of spontaneous social cognition in autism spectrum disorders
Senju, A. (2013) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.08.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Hollocks, M. J., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Baird, G., Happé, F., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1361 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Awareness of single and multiple emotions in high-functioning children with autism
Rieffe, C., Meerum Terwogt, M., & Kotronopoulou, K. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0171-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Thoma, P., Friedmann, C., & Suchan, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.024 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The eyes test as a measure of individual differences: how much of the variance reflects verbal IQ?
Peterson, E., & Miller, S. F. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00220 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Dodell-Feder, D., Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Andrés-Roqueta, C., & Katsos, N. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00996 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Brewer, N., Young, R. L., & Barnett, E. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3080-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Exploring preoperational features in chronic depression
Wilbertz, G., Brakemeier, E.-L., Zobel, I., Härter, M., & Schramm, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.021 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lahera, G., Montes, J. M., Benito, A., Valdivia, M., Medina, E., Mirapeix, I., & Sáiz-Ruiz, J. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Humor in Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Lyons, V., & Fitzgerald, M. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2547-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Pantelis, P. C., Byrge, L., Tyszka, J. M., Adolphs, R., & Kennedy, D. P. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv021 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Apperly, I. A., Warren, F., Andrews, B. J., Grant, J., & Todd, S. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01635.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Use of “Literary Fiction” to Promote Mentalizing Ability
Pino, M. C., & Mazza, M. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160254 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Happè’s task is more advanced than previous tests of theory of mind.”
MethodO'Nions, E., Sebastian, C. L., McCrory, E., Chantiluke, K., Happé, F., & Viding, E. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12167 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Do Large Language Models Know What Humans Know?
Trott, S., Jones, C., Chang, T., Michaelov, J., & Bergen, B. (2023) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13309 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Demurie, E., De Corel, M., & Roeyers, H. (2011) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.03.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Pincus, D. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00134 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The reading the mind in the eyes test: test-retest reliability of a Swedish version
Hallerbäck, M. U., Lugnegård, T., Hjärthag, F., & Gillberg, C. (2009) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800902901518 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Are Abilities Abnormally Interdependent in Children With Autism?
Dyck, M. J., Piek, J. P., Hay, D., Smith, L., & Hallmayer, J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501_3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Krach, S., Kamp‐Becker, I., Einhäuser, W., Sommer, J., Frässle, S., Jansen, A., Rademacher, L., Müller‐Pinzler, L., Gazzola, V., & Paulus, F. M. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22949 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mentalization-based treatments with children and families: A systematic review of the literature
Byrne, G., Murphy, S., & Connon, G. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104520920689 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Recognition of ‘Fortune of Others’ Emotions in Asperger Syndrome and High Functioning Autism
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0515-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Understanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us?
Williams, D. L., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dysfunction of Empathy and Related Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review
Salgado, R. M., Pedrosa, R., & Bastos-Leite, A. J. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000260 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Reputation Management: Evidence for Ability But Reduced Propensity in Autism
Cage, E., Pellicano, E., Shah, P., & Bird, G. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1313 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Oxytocin: Parallel Processing in the Social Brain?
Dölen, G. (2015) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12284 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Communicative abilities in autism: evidence for attentional deficits
Bara, B. G., Bucciarelli, M., & Colle, L. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2429 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
O’Connor, K., & Kirk, I. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0559-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Exploring the Components of Advanced Theory of Mind in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pedreño, C., Pousa, E., Navarro, J. B., Pàmias, M., & Obiols, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3156-7 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mind-Reading in Young Adults with ASD: Does Structure Matter?
Ponnet, K., Buysse, A., Roeyers, H., & De Clercq, A. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0462-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
- Authors
- Happé, F. G. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 1994-04
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-154
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2116139040
- Cited by
- 2,352
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 118 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 120 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 103
- FWCI
- 20.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- theory of mind, autism spectrum disorder, narrative comprehension, intellectual disability, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Communication, Concept Formation, Emotions, Female, Humans, Imagination, Intelligence, Male, Intellectual Disability, Middle Aged, Projective Techniques, Psycholinguistics, Reality Testing, Semantics, Social Behavior, Socialization, Truth Disclosure, Verbal Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
