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Underemployment: Consequences for the Health and Well‐Being of Workers
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of how the adequacy of a person's employment status influences their health. We draw on and extend the Labor Utilization Framework to distinguish between different forms of underemployment (hours, income, skills, and status) and test their relative effects on a range of physical health and psychological well‐being outcomes. Using data drawn from a nationally representative sample ( N =1,429) of adults of working age, we assess the concurrent effects of underemployment through a longitudinal design that controls for prior levels of health and well‐being. The results indicate that underemployed workers do report lower levels of health and well‐being than adequately employed workers. However, the relationship varies by both types of underemployment and indicator of health and well‐being. We conclude by discussing future research to explore the relationship between underemployment and health and well‐being.
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“Research thus far has demonstrated that underemployment is typically associated with lower levels of health and well-being.12–14”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Friedland, D. S., & Price, R. H.
- Affiliations
- International Survey Research Walnut Creek California
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Friedland, Daniel S.
- ORCID
- Price, Richard H.
- Venue
- American Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 33-45
- ISSN
- 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2770
- OpenAlex
- W1491118310
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 23.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30 MH 38330, P30MH038330)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- underemployment, employee health, psychological well-being, physical health, working hours, income adequacy, skills mismatch, employment status, working-age adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Depression, Employment, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.